INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8) NAME INSTALL -- Installation procedure for NetBSD/i386. CONTENTS About this Document............................................2 Quick install notes for the impatient..........................3 What is NetBSD?................................................4 Dedication.....................................................4 Changes Between the NetBSD 5.0 and 5.1 Releases................4 Security Advisory Fixes.....................................4 Other Security Fixes........................................5 Kernel......................................................6 File Systems................................................7 Networking..................................................8 Miscellaneous Drivers.......................................9 Audio.......................................................9 Security....................................................9 Storage....................................................10 Platform specific..........................................10 Miscellaneous..............................................14 Known Problems.............................................17 Features to be removed in a later release.....................18 The NetBSD Foundation.........................................18 Sources of NetBSD.............................................18 NetBSD 5.1_STABLE Release Contents............................18 NetBSD/i386 subdirectory structure.........................19 Binary distribution sets...................................20 NetBSD/i386 System Requirements and Supported Devices.........21 Supported devices..........................................21 Floppy controllers......................................21 MFM, ESDI, IDE, and RLL hard disk controllers...........21 SCSI host adapters......................................22 MDA, CGA, VGA, SVGA, and HGC Display Adapters...........23 Serial ports............................................23 Parallel ports..........................................23 Ethernet adapters.......................................23 FDDI adapters...........................................24 Token-Ring adapters.....................................24 Wireless network adapters...............................25 High Speed Serial.......................................25 Tape drives.............................................25 CD-ROM drives...........................................25 Mice....................................................25 Sound Cards.............................................25 Game Ports (Joysticks)..................................26 Miscellaneous...........................................26 PCMCIA Controllers......................................26 RAID Controllers........................................26 Specific driver footnotes:..............................27 Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media..................27 Preparing your System for NetBSD installation.................29 Installing the NetBSD System..................................30 Running the sysinst installation program...................30 Introduction............................................30 Possible hardware problems..............................31 General.................................................31 Quick install...........................................31 Booting NetBSD..........................................32 Network configuration...................................32 Installation drive selection and parameters.............32 Selecting which sets to install.........................32 Partitioning the disk...................................33 Preparing your hard disk................................34 Getting the distribution sets...........................34 Installation from CD-ROM................................34 Installation using ftp..................................34 Installation using NFS..................................35 Installation from a floppy set..........................35 Installation from an unmounted file system..............35 Installation from a local directory.....................35 Extracting the distribution sets........................35 Finalizing your installation............................36 Post installation steps.......................................36 Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System................38 Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases............39 Issues when running older binaries on NetBSD 5.1_STABLE....40 Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 3.x releases.......40 Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 4.x releases.......41 Using online NetBSD documentation.............................41 Administrivia.................................................42 Thanks go to..................................................43 We are........................................................43 Legal Mumbo-Jumbo.............................................49 The End.......................................................56 DESCRIPTION About this Document This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 5.1_STABLE on the i386 platform. It is available in four different formats titled INSTALL.ext, where .ext is one of .ps, .html, .more, or .txt: .ps PostScript. .html Standard Internet HTML. .more The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager utility programs. This is the format in which the on-line man pages are generally pre- sented. .txt Plain old ASCII. You are reading the ASCII version. Quick install notes for the impatient This section contains some brief notes describing what you need to install NetBSD 5.1_STABLE on a machine of the i386 architecture. o Fetch files needed to install NetBSD. Option 1: bootable CD-ROM images containing the full distribution. These can be found on an FTP site near you, usually located in the /pub/NetBSD/iso/ directory. Check the NetBSD website for details. Option 2: bootable CD-ROM images from i386/installation/cdrom/. These images are bootable, but do not contain binary sets. They are intended for network installs or system repair. boot.iso is for VGA console installation, and boot-com.iso is for installation over serial console (com0, 9600 baud). Option 3: boot floppy images from i386/installation/floppy/. boot1.fs and boot2.fs are floppy images for VGA console installation. boot-com1.fs and boot-com2.fs are for installation via serial console (com0, 9600 baud). o The default kernel on CD-ROMs has ACPI enabled. This is known to cause issues on a few machines which have buggy ACPI implementations. To boot with ACPI disabled, choose the "no ACPI" option from the boot menu, or interrupt the menu and enter the NetBSD boot prompt. Type boot -2 to boot with ACPI disabled. o The actual binary distribution is in the i386/binary/sets/ directory. When you boot the install CD-ROM or floppies, the installation pro- gram can fetch these files for you (using e.g. ftp) if you have a network connection. There are several other methods to get the binary sets onto your machine. You will at a minimum need one of the kernel sets, typically kern-GENERIC.tgz, as well as base.tgz and etc.tgz. In a typical workstation installation you will probably want all the installation sets. o Write the CD-ROM images or floppy images out. Many commercial and freeware programs are available to burn CD-ROMs. If you have problems writing a raw image to a floppy, the rawrite.exe MS-DOS program or the Rawrite32 Windows32 program (installed by rawr32.exe) in the i386/installation/misc/ directory may be of help. The disk(s) you just prepared will be used to boot the installation kernel, which contains all the tools required to install NetBSD. o For third-party programs which are not part of the base NetBSD dis- tribution, you will want to explore the pkgsrc system with its many thousands of third party software applications. What is NetBSD? The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open Source UNIX-like operating system derived from the University of California, Berkeley Net- working Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on 57 different system architectures (ports) across 15 distinct CPU families, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 5.1_STABLE release contains complete binary releases for many different system architec- tures. (A few ports are not fully supported at this time and are thus not part of the binary distribution. Please see the NetBSD web site at http://www.NetBSD.org/ for information on them.) NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly por- table, high performance kernel, NetBSD features a complete set of user utilities, compilers for several languages, the X Window System, firewall software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code. NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet community. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, it's likely that NetBSD wouldn't exist. Dedication NetBSD 5.1 is dedicated to the memory of Martti Kuparinen, who was the victim of a traffic accident in June 2010. Martti's technical contributions are too many to list here in full. He created and maintained numerous packages in pkgsrc, updated two packet filter solutions distributed with NetBSD and improved several hardware drivers. Beyond that he was always helpful and friendly. His example encouraged users to contribute to the project and share their work with the community. Some of these users later became NetBSD developers them- selves thanks to Martti's efforts. Changes Between the NetBSD 5.0 and 5.1 Releases The NetBSD 5.1_STABLE release is the first feature update of the NetBSD 5.0 release branch. It represents a selected subset of fixes deemed critical for security or stability reasons, as well as new features and enhancements. Please note that all fixes in security/critical updates (i.e., NetBSD 5.0.1, 5.0.2, etc.) are cumulative, so the latest update contains all such fixes since the corresponding minor release. These fixes also appear in minor releases (i.e., NetBSD 5.1, 5.2, etc.). The complete list of changes can be found in the CHANGES-5.1: http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-5.1/CHANGES-5.1 file in the top level directory of the NetBSD 5.1 release tree. An abbreviated list is as follows: Security Advisory Fixes o NetBSD-SA2009-004 (NetBSD OpenPAM passwd(1) changing weakness): http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2009-004.txt.asc o NetBSD-SA2009-005 (Plaintext Recovery Attack Against SSH): http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2009-005.txt.asc o NetBSD-SA2009-006 (Buffer overflows in ntp): http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2009-006.txt.asc o NetBSD-SA2009-007 (Buffer overflows in hack(6) ): http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2009-007.txt.asc o NetBSD-SA2009-008 (OpenSSL ASN1 parsing denial of service and CMS signature verification weakness): http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2009-008.txt.asc o NetBSD-SA2009-009 (OpenSSL DTLS Memory Exhaustion and DSA signature verification vulnerabilities): http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2009-009.txt.asc o NetBSD-SA2009-010 (ISC dhclient subnet-mask flag stack overflow): http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2009-010.txt.asc o NetBSD-SA2009-011 (ISC DHCP server Denial of Service vulnerability): http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2009-011.txt.asc o NetBSD-SA2009-012 (SHA2 implementation potential buffer overflow): http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2009-012.txt.asc o NetBSD-SA2009-013 (BIND named dynamic update Denial of Service vul- nerability): http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2009-013.txt.asc o NetBSD-SA2010-002 (OpenSSL TLS renegotiation man in the middle vul- nerability): http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2010-002.txt.asc o NetBSD-SA2010-003 (azalia(4)/hdaudio(4) negative mixer index panic): http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2010-003.txt.asc o NetBSD-SA2010-004 (amd64 per-page No-execute (NX) bit disabled): http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2010-004.txt.asc o NetBSD-SA2010-005 (NTP server Denial of Service vulnerability): http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2010-005.txt.asc o NetBSD-SA2010-006 (Buffer length checking errors in CODA): http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2010-006.txt.asc o NetBSD-SA2010-007 (Integer overflow in libbz2 decompression code): http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2010-007.txt.asc o NetBSD-SA2010-008 (sftp(1)/ftp(1)/glob(3) related resource exhaus- tion): http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2010-008.txt.asc o NetBSD-SA2010-010 (Buffer Length Handling Errors in netsmb): http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2010-010.txt.asc o NetBSD-SA2010-011 (OpenSSL Double Free Arbitrary Code Execution): http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2010-011.txt.asc Advisories prior to NetBSD-SA2009-004 do not affect NetBSD 5.0: .: http://www.NetBSD.org/support/security/patches-5.0.html Other Security Fixes o openssl: Fix CVE-2009-4355 and CVE-2010-0740. o Fix crash in openssl: handshake_dgst[] may be used without being allocated, causing NULL pointer dereference. o Update BIND server and tools to 9.5.2-P2, fixing CVE-2009-0025, CVE-2009-4022, and CVE-2010-0097. o ntpd(8): Fix CVE-2009-3563. o expat: Fix SA36425 and CVE-2009-3560. o fts(3): Avoid possible integer overflow on really deep dirs, and sub- sequent collateral damage. Received from OpenBSD via US-CERT as VU #590371. o Fix a couple issues with POSIX message queues: - An invalid signal number passed to mq_notify() could crash the kernel on delivery -- add a boundary check. - A user could set mq_maxmsg (the maximal number of messages in a queue) to a huge value on mq_open(O_CREAT) and later use up all kernel memory by mq_send() -- add a sysctl'able limit which defaults to 16*mq_def_maxmsg. o arc4random(3): Keep arc4_i and arc4_j synchronised after a rekeying. This prevents accidentally ending up in a short ARC4 cycle. o freetype: Fix CVE-2009-0946. o ftpd(8): Fix a remote crash. PR 43023. o openldap: Fix CVE-2009-3767. o Fix an NX regression observed on amd64 kernels, where per-page execu- tion right was disabled (therefore leading to the inability of the kernel to detect fraudulent use of memory mappings marked as not being executable). Kernel o Fix random "filesystem full" messages on large FFS file systems. o Fix a regression in the 4.4BSD scheduler, improving interactive per- formance under load. o Remove a race where physio_done() may use memory already freed. PR 39536. o Fix a crash observed when trying to load a corrupted ELF kernel mod- ule. o Fix PR 41566, where writes on the controlling tty were not being awo- ken from blocks. o Various fixes for POSIX message queues. o Fix a couple deadlocks in the VFS subsystem. PR 41374. o Fix an issue on some architectures where a softint could fire on the wrong CPU. o Fixes for POSIX advisory locks. o A number of other stability fixes. o Fix a case where setpriority(2) returned EACCES instead of EPERM. PR 41489. o lockf(3) passes its arguments through to fcntl(2) but is supposed to support -ve lengths (lock area before current offset). Nothing in libc or the kernel allowed for this, so some random part of the file would get locked. PR 41620. o Fix ktrace of data from iovec based system calls. PR 41819. o Fix stack size enforcement. File Systems o fsck_ext2fs(8): Ignore the "-P" option as intended, to make this work with, e.g., "fsck_flags=-pP" in /etc/rc.conf. PR 41490. o UFS quotas: Add missing mutex_destroy() before pool_cache_put(). Prevents a "Mutex error: lockdebug_alloc: already initialized" panic. o tunefs(8): Allow tunefs to clear any type of WAPBL log, not only in- filesystem ones. o fsck_ffs(8): Do some basic checks of the WAPBL journal, and fail if the kernel would refuse to mount the filesystem read/write. Add code to clear the bogus journal when not run in preen (-p) mode. o wapbl(4): If the WAPBL journal can't be read (ffs_wapbl_replay_start() fails), mount the filesystem anyway if MNT_FORCE is present. This allows to still boot single-user a system with a corrupted WAPBL on /, and so get a chance to run fsck to fix it. o smbfs: - Fix some panics while trying to umount a smbfs share. - Fix detection of SMB capabilities according to the CIFS spec: o SMB_CAP_LARGE_FILES advertises support for 64-bit file off- sets. o SMB_CAP_LARGE_READX and SMB_CAP_LARGE_WRITEX advertise sup- port for large reads and writes (larger than 64KB). PR 42175. - Add support for file sizes greater than 4GB. - Prevent malicious local program from causing a kernel crash. o A number of fixes for ext2fs. PR 28712. o procfs: Fix memory leak. PR 42053. o Fix cp(1) from NTFS. PR 38531. o cd9660: Change cd9660_mount, in MNT_UPDATE case, to check dev_t's for equality instead of just vnode pointers. Fixes erroneous "Invalid argument" errors from mount(8) with -u against cd9660 root in the presence of mfs or tmpfs /dev prepared after initial mountroot. o A number of fixes to ffs snapshots. o sysctlfs: Fix a crash while trying to read nodes on amd64. PR 41494. o Various improvements to UDF. o xattr: Fix system crash which could be triggered by a malicious com- mand. o coda: Fix incomplete ioctl parameter verification. o ffs: Fix a race condition which could lead to data corruption. o wapbl(4): Fix replay problems which could corrupt the fs. PR 43336. Networking o ath(4): Remove the binary HAL and update to the open source HAL. o Add the age(4) driver for Attansic L1. o Add the ale(4) driver for Atheros AR8121/AR8113/AR8114. o brgphy(4): Add support for BCM5462, BCM54K2 and BCM5722. o arp(4): Don't require the gateway address to have room for both an interface name and address. Fixes a regression in 'arp -s ...' on interfaces such as xennet0 with unusually long names. PR 41878. o Make tcp msl (max segment life) tunable via sysctl net.inet.tcp.msl. o Fixed a number of bge(4) bugs. o ifpci(4): Fix endianness issues when accessing the B-channel fifos. o wm(4): - Numerous fixes for various chips. - Add SIOCSIFADDR support for setting the AF_LINK address, neces- sary for agr to be able to set the mac addresses of each port to the agr address (i.e., so it can receive all intended traffic at the hardware level). - Enable hardware VLAN support. o re(4): - Detect RTL8169CP, RTL8168D/8111D, and RTL8103E variants. - Add hardware checksum support for newer 8168/8111/8102 chips. - Fix RX hardware checksum for DESCV2 chips. PR 40605. o le(4): Don't immediately switch UTP/AUI ports on lost carrier. o agr(4): Add vlan support and hardware offload capabilities. Add sup- port for disabling the LACP protocol by setting LINK1 on the agr interface. o bnx(4): - Protect against spurious "bnx0: Double mbuf allocation failure!" panics. - Add support for BCM5709 and BCM5716. o Follow exactly the recommendation of draft-ietf-tcpm-tcpse- cure-11.txt: Don't check against the last ack received, but the expected sequence number. This makes RST handling independent of delayed ACK. o vr(4): Add suspend/resume support. o carp(4): Improve logging. PR 38260. o Give 100BASE-TX full duplex higher priority than 100BASE-T4. o Fix wpa with ral(4). o vlan(4): Inherit the parent's TCP segmentation offload capability. o dhcpcd: - Update to 5.1.3. - Add an rc.d script. - Only start dhcpcd per interface if not running the full dhcpcd daemon. Only stop dhcpcd per interface if it's running for the interface. PR 40320. o Fix a panic when trying to disable IPFilter before enabling it. PR 41364. o ping(8): Deal with source route and record route specially giving a meaningful error message when remote side doesn't support record route. PR 41111. o ifconfig(8): Don't require a "vlan" argument with "-vlanif". "ifcon- fig vlan0 -vlanif" now works as one would expect. o tap(4): Fix a potential leak on device close. bpf(4): Prevent mali- cious bytecode from crashing the kernel with a divide-by-zero trap. o UDPv6: Prevent local crash by malicious user program. Miscellaneous Drivers o ehci(4): Add a workaround for ATI SB600 and SB700 revisions A12 and A13 to avoid a USB subsystem hang when the system has multiple USB devices connected to it or one device is re-connected often. o uftdi(4): Add support for multiple channel cards, specifically quad channel FT4232H. o ums(4): Add quirks to make MS Wireless Laser Mouse 6000 work. PR 41737. Add support for USB HID devices that report absolute coordi- nates instead of relative movement data, e.g. touchpanels. Add sup- port for the Microsoft Natural Ergonomic Desktop 7000 mouse. o apm(4): Fix suspend/resume. Audio o Add hdaudio(4), a standards-compliant driver for Intel High Defini- tion Audio. It will replace azalia(4) eventually. o Add gcscaudio(4), an AMD Geode CS5536 audio driver. o Add support for playback- or capture-only devices. PR 42050. o pad(4): Catch up to audio(4) device_t/softc split to prevent pad from corrupting its child device's softc. o audio(4): OSS audio allows mixer operations on the dsp device. NetBSD would previously return EINVAL in these circumstances. This can break audio in apps running under Linux emulation. Select whether to call mixer_ioctl() or audio_ioctl() based on whether the command smells like a mixer ioctl or not. Security o pam(3): Restore the good old UNIX behavior of root password changing: only root may change the root password. o racoon(8): Fix a bug where racoon used a wrong IPsec-SA handle that was for another peer if it received an ISAKMP message for IPsec-SA that has the same message-id as the message-id that was received before. o ipsec(4): Add a missing splx() call. PR 41701. o opencrypto(9): - Extend the API to allow the destination buffer size to be speci- fied when it is not the same size as the input buffer. - Add user-space access to compression features. - Add software gzip support (CRYPTO_GZIP_COMP). - Add the fast version of crc32 from zlib to libkern. - Fix PRs 41069 and 41070. Storage o Add support for RAIDframe parity maps. Drastically reduces the amount of time spent checking parity after an unclean shutdown by keeping better track of which regions might have had outstanding writes. Enabled by default; can be disabled on a per-set basis, or tuned, with the new raidctl(8) commands. o Add sdmmc framework. o Add sdhc(4), a driver for SD controllers following the SD Host Con- troller Standard Simplified Specification. o Add wb(4), a driver for Winbond W83L518D SD/MMC readers. o siisata(4): Sync with HEAD, fixing a number of bugs. PR 41579. o mfi(4): Fix command list corruption seen on heavy I/O load. Add sup- port for MFI gen2 devices. o twa(4): Disable completely bogus DIAGNOSTIC check. o wdc(4): use 8bits access to legacy IDE registers through the SATA interface (except data registers). Stops errors such as the follow- ing when probing SATA drives through controllers that offer the legacy pciide interface: viaide1 channel 0: reset failed for drive 0 o piixide(4): Add Intel 3400 support. Platform specific o x86 (amd64 and i386) - Add a workaround for a bug with some Opteron revisions where locked operations sometimes do not serve as memory barriers, allowing memory references to bleed outside of critical sections. - ichlpcib(4): Fix watchdog code: o The timer bound constants are in tick, so convert period to tick before checking it against the bounds. o For ICH5 or older, fix code that would have always written a 0 period to the register. - Add CPU topology detection support for AMD processors. - asus(4): o Add experimental cpu fan/voltage switching support (sysctl hw.asus0.*). o Add fan sensor. - Add hw.wake.* sysctl subtree for toggling which devices are allowed to restore the system from sleep. By default, the fol- lowing devices are enabled for wake: sleep/power buttons, lid switch, pc kbd controller. - agp(4): Add support for Intel G35, G45, and Q45. - Cut down on the number of lines used in acpi autoconf messages. - Extend CPU probe of Intel processors to handle extended-models: new Intel 45nm processors, Core i7, Atom, and the 45nm Xeon MP. Properly decode several new Intel cache descriptors, as listed in the most recent (March 2009) edition of Intel's Application Note 485. PRs 41289 and 41290. - cpuctl(8): Add newer VIA C7 core and VIA Nano. When printing an unknown VIA CPU, default to 'Unknown IDT/VIA' instead of 'C3'. - Fix NetBSD under qemu with ACPI enabled. PR 38729. - acpi(4): If the firmware describes duplicate keyboard controller nodes, don't panic when the driver fails to map registers. PR 39671. - Fix a bug where mapping the very end of iomem accidentally returns an address in the ISA hole. Fixes ohci on VirtualPC 7 for Mac, which places OHCI at base address 0xfffff000 size 0x1000. - int 15h/AH=86h (WAIT) doesn't work properly on all hardware and emulators, so for the countdown use the more coarsely grained sleep implementation based on int 1ah/AH=00h (GET SYSTEM TIME). - Use the TSC and current multiplier to calculate bus clock on VIA C7 Esther. - Add support for VIA C7 temperature sensors (options VIA_C7TEMP) and enable in i386 GENERIC kernel. - Fix a regression in the boot loader where pressing a letter not bound to a menu item would select a numeric item. - Enable cgd(4) support on all amd64 and i386 XEN kernels. o amd64 - Handle protection faults properly, returning SIGSEGV instead of SIGBUS. - Ensure FP state is reset, if FP is used in a signal handler. PR 39299. - Build kernel modules with -mno-red-zone like the kernel is built. - On amd64, add a third free list distinct from the default free list, holding RAM between 16Mb and 4Gb. This helps preventing bus_dma(9) memory allocation failures for 32bit DMA on large-mem- ory machines. o i386 - - The FPU Tag word is a 16bit register, in FPU (387) mode it defines 2-bit tags for each FPU data register, in MMX mode it defines 1-bit tags for each data register. The single bit tags are stored in the lower 8 bits and thus in the first byte of the save frame. - Fix a local user crash. o ARM: Work-around a possible process exit corner case which can leave stale data in the cache after a context-switch. PR 41058. o sgimips - haltwo(4): Set delta value for the mixer's master channel. - Add a driver for the Indy's front panel buttons. Power button presses are reported to sysmon, volume control buttons are reported to PMF. - Fixes for newport video. o alpha - A number of multiprocessor fixes. PRs 41106 and 42174. - Add support for booting off a couple of common RAID adapters found on several models of alpha systems: mlx [Mylex DAC060] and iop [I2O]. PR 25829. - Change the kernel text to 0xfffffc0000430000 (which is where Tru64 has its kernel). - The tsc(4) bus initialization was using a single statically allo- cated extent storage for each tsp(4), which caused a LOCKDEBUG kernel to fail because the extent storage contained a mutex which panics when the second mutex_init() is attempted. Put the extent storage into the tsp_config structure so each tsp(4) gets its own. PR 38358. o amiga - Switch amiga to the common m68k pmap. - Fix a problem with the timecounter running backwards everytime the hardware counter wraps and the clock-interrupt is not yet serviced by hardclock(). - Improve precision of small kernel delays. - Fix keyboard handshaking problems on Amiga 1200. o atari - Rewrite the binpatch(8) utility to add support for ELF binaries, old src/usr.sbin/mdsetimage sources which support misc executable formats without LGPL'ed libbfd. - Add a workaround for annoying "WARNING: negative runtime; mono- tonic clock has gone backwards" message. - fd(4): Correctly detect the default density. o hp300: Make install.md probe cd(4) devices properly. o hpcmips: Fix pcic kthread creation timing. PRs 41791 and 41164. o m68k: Ensure functions like mmap(2), mremap(2), shmat(2) or sbrk(2) return -1 in case of an error. A side benefit of this is to fix a segfault caused by jemalloc when mmap(2) failed. o macppc: pbms(4): Avoid an immediate crash during attach, and fix the aspect ratio of the trackpad on the geyser2 model. o pmax: Make ksyms(4) actually work. o sh3: Fix logic error in copyinstr() when deciding whether to return EFAULT or ENAMETOOLONG. o sparc64: - Fix long double support in 32bit libc. PR 41406. - When preparing the initial trap frame for a new forked lwp, explicitly clear condition code. Otherwise we might catch a sig- nal before we ever return to userland. PR 41302. - Fix a disk I/O regression under heavy load. - Build the sunleo X driver. - Add lom(4), a driver for LOMlite lights out management hardware monitor and watchdog timer. - sab(4): Allow the RSC to be the console on an E250, by checking for RSC-specific properties, and by not changing the port baud rate. o vax - binutils: Allocate relocation section using bfd_zalloc() to ensure no garbage relocations when not all the entries are used. PR 39182. - Keep track of the previous ICR value and hardclock_ticks to ensure the 32 bit counter doesn't go backwards. Also, the ICR runs from -10000 to -1, so adjust the value when reading it. Now mfpr works quite nicely on a 4000/90. o sparc - Enable ddb(4) in GENERIC-like kernels. - Fix a number of issues with floppies. - Add apc(4), a driver for the Aurora Personality Chip (APC) found on SPARCstation-4/5, and emulated by qemu to idle the simulator when the CPU is idle. Only the CPU idle part implemented at this time. o xen - Now a XEN3_DOM0 kernel properly updates the CMOS time. - Implement DIOCGDISKINFO for xbd disk driver. - xbdback: implement and publish "feature-flush-cache". xbd: if feature-flush-cache is present, use it for DIOCCACHESYNC. Should improve WAPBL reliability of Xen guests on a NetBSD dom0. - xennet: Write a "feature-rx-notify" to the xenstore, which is used by recent linux dom0 kernels. This reduces packet loss when using a NetBSD domU on such linux dom0. - xennetback: Announce feature-rx-copy and feature-rx-flip. Add support for request-rx-copy. PR 40650. - Add i368PAE support to Xen3 dom0. - Add Xen3 PCI pass-through support. - Fix stalled xbdback detach that would stall the whole xenbus thread, preventing new domUs from being created. - Make it possible to use netbsd-5 domUs running on a Xen2 hypervi- sor. Miscellaneous o sh(1): Make the cd builtin accept and ignore -P. PR 42557. o fdisk(8): Fix issues with large disks. o savecore(8): Instead of exiting with an obscure error message if -N /kernelname isn't specified, blithely assume the kernel will consume around 20 megs. o newfs(8): Issue a better error message if attempting to create a file system on a block device. Inspired by PR 41127. o newfs_msdos(8): Make fs size detection get proper size rather than disk size. o termcap(3): Only add the ZZ capability for termcap entries that are larger than 1023 bytes. o dkctl(8): List the partition types addwedge understands. PR 37252. Make dkctl conform to its man page and print the device name on addwedge when the addition was successful (as well as indicating suc- cess). o If the current locale doesn't define the 'thousands' grouping info then use sane defaults (',' every 3 digits). PR 40714. o pthread(3): - Make nanosleep cancelable again. - Improve the algorithm used in pthread creation so that it does a better job of reusing dead threads. - Make sure thread id is set correctly in case a threaded program forks from a thread other than the main thread. Fixes issues with, e.g., ruby. o newsyslog(8): Reset ziptype on each line. Failure to do this caused any log file to be compressed if it was listed after a line using Z or J flag. o nvi(1): - Fix a problem where the pattern / didn't match a dollar sign. PR 41781. - Make :ESC, #+ and #- work again. - Rename "expandtabs" to "expandtab" to match documentation. - Implement the "et" abbreviation for expandtab. - Fix regexp on LP64 systems. PR 41924. - Fix format string bug: filenames may contain % characters. - Fix ~ on big-endian architecturs. o pstat(8): Distinguish between UFS1 and UFS2 inodes by reading the ufsmount structure, the previous heuristic of comparing the size fields of inode and dinode failed. o btpin(1): Add a -P flag to attempt immediate pairing. o ksh(1): Support 0xnn for hexadecimal constants, as well as 16#nn. PR 40512. o Add support for fr_*.UTF-8 locale. Setting LANG to fr_*.UTF-8 won't get the message catalog right (they're encoded in iso-8859-1), but other locale functions should work properly. o Add Solaris-like dlinfo() interface to the ELF dynamic linker. Implement RTLD_DI_LINKMAP which returns a pointer to the linkmap chain at the given object. o kill(1): Make sure that numerical signals and pids are in range for their types. PR 42143. o pcap(3): pcap_lookupnet(): reset ifr before SIOCGIFNETMASK. Without it we get back a bogus netmask. PR 41367. o man(1): Accept a pathname to a man file, e.g., "man ./man.1" o setlocale(3): Handle nonexistent locales properly. PR 42124. o amldb(8): Check validity of parent to avoid a potential segfault. o sort(1): Fix a ton of bugs including but not limited to PR 18614 PR 27257 PR 25551 PR 221 82 PR 31095 PR 30504 PR 36816 PR 37860 PR 39308 PR 42094. o user(8): Fix -p flag: rm_eo is the first character *after* the match, so no need for a +1. Blowfish hashes are only 53 chars long, not 54. o Update libevent to 1.4.11-stable. o hunt(6): Fix possible remote DoS of a running hunt game, and prevent a possible theoretical attack involving >= 1 billion ammo. o systat(1): Fix problems with SIGWINCH. PR 42161. o gzip(1): - Fix support for multi-section bzip2 files, as created by pbzip2. - Add "pack" uncompression support. - Avoid an overflow in suffix handling. o audio{ctl,play,record}: Add extended WAVE header support, attempt to play a bunch more WAV files. o Update Postfix to 2.6.5. o df(1): Block numbers are measured in f_frsize units. Make -P option use this instead of f_bsize. Also account for reserved blocks like normal non-P output. PR 41541. o Update libfetch to 2.30. o window(1): Fix a SEGV with certain terminal types. PR 41581. o Update pkg_install to 20100204: - audit-packages.conf(5) has been superseded by pkg_install.conf(5). The default configuration is the same. - Support for pkg_view(1) has been retired. - The functionality of audit-packages(1) and download-vulnerabil- ity-list(1) has moved into pkg_admin(1). Wrapper scripts that handle the common use cases are provided. o racoonctl(8): Adjust ADMINPORTDIR to match that of racoon ( /var/run ). PR 41376. o schedctl(8): Skip LSIDL and LSZOMB threads when retrieving info. o postinstall(8) now knows about /etc/dhcpcd.conf. o drvctl(8): Allow querying for root devices in the tree by specifying an empty device name. Ensure that l_devname is NUL-terminated and fail otherwise. If drvctl -l is used without argument, print the root device nodes. o paste(1): Null-terminate the delimiter list string after processing escapes (which can shorten it) because the code that issues delim- iters depends on it being null-terminated. This caused e.g. paste -d ' ' a b to print a '0' at the beginning of each line. PR 41159. o Don't attempt to read or write ~/.lesshst if it's not a regular file or a symlink to a regular file. Previously, symlinking to /dev/null would cause less to trash /dev/null if run with sufficient privi- leges. PR 42237. o Make rtsold_flags default to -a. PR 39657. o libevent: Add -fno-strict-aliasing to work around problems with GCC 4 and strict-aliasing. o Renamed a number of internal getline() functions to get_line() so as to compile under -current. o Install the Xvidtune app-defaults file. PR 41577. o Fixes to Linux compat: - In sendmsg(2), copy the msghdr structure before trying to use it. - In linux_sys_sched_getaffinity(), do not leak memory on error. o Various METALOG fixes, including sorting entries. PRs 24457 and 41155. o Update DRM code. o cdce(4): Add support for the Openmoko Freerunner. PR 40049. o pms(4): Add elantech multi-touch support. o Big X.Org update. o ugen(4): ugen_get_cdesc() can return NULL. When this happens, return EINVAL error instead of crashing. o Fix a race between nfsd and local rm. PR 41147. o puc(4): Add support for Oxford Semiconductor OXmPCI952 2 port UARTs. Add support for the IBM 481033H SCC. o sysinst(8): Try ATA/SCSI identify commands and when successful, use the model information along with the disk size when creating the 'Available disks' menu. PR 41925. o Fix PR kern/41659: add missing splx() in FAST_IPSEC code. o Add hungarian keyboard layout. o Add Swiss German keyboard layout. o Introduce MKSUBPIXEL, which allows enabling subpixel rendering code in FreeType. o Support drives over 1TB in size in sysinst. Error if drive is over 2TB in in size (and thus over the disklabel limit). o Update and add some TNF ssh keys to /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts. o Prevent makefs(8) from creating invalid ISO format on rockridge sup- port which causes fatal errors in ARC BIOS firmware on MIPS Magnum R4000. PR 42410. o sysinst(8): When creating /etc/fstab: for the first swap partition use type "sw,dp" instead of "sw", so dump device gets configured cor- rectly if swap is not on the second partition. PR 42148. o sys/atomic.h: Make atomics usable from C++. o wc(1): Add support for "-L" option (longest line) as present in the GNU and FreeBSD versions of "wc". o libm: Add f{min,max,dim}{,l,f}. o jemalloc: Fix race condition on reallocation of huge category. PR 42876. o sys/null.h: Enclose (void *)0 in an extra set of parenthese to make the result usable in arbitrary expressions. PR 41890. Known Problems Using block device nodes (e.g., wd0a) directly for I/O may cause a kernel crash when the file system containing /dev is FFS and is mounted with -o log. Workaround: use raw disk devices (e.g., rwd0a), or remount the file system without -o log. Occassionally, gdb may cause a process that is being debugged to hang when ``single stepped''. Workaround: kill and restart the affected process. gdb cannot debug running threaded programs correctly. Workaround: gener- ate a core file from the program using gcore(1) and pass the core to gdb, instead of debugging the running program. The sparc port does not have functional SMP support in this release. Features to be removed in a later release The following features are to be removed from NetBSD in the future: o Support for soft dependencies, also knows as soft updates (see ``softdep'' in mount(8)) will be removed in the next major release. NetBSD 5.1_STABLE includes a preview of WAPBL (Write Ahead Physical Block Logging), which will replace soft dependencies in the next major release. See wapbl(4) and http://mail-index.netbsd.org/netbsd-announce/2008/12/14/msg000051.html for details. o Support for Xen 2.0.x. The Xen-3 and hypervisor interface is diverg- ing from Xen-2 as development is ongoing, increasing the maintenance cost for NetBSD. It should be considered as deprecated. Users are expected to not rely on it any more beyond this major release. Further, at least version 3.1 of Xen will be required to run NetBSD as Dom0 or DomU. The NetBSD Foundation The NetBSD Foundation is a tax exempt, not-for-profit 501(c)(3) corpora- tion that devotes itself to the traditional goals and Spirit of the NetBSD Project and owns the trademark of the word ``NetBSD''. It sup- ports the design, development, and adoption of NetBSD worldwide. More information on the NetBSD Foundation, its composition, aims, and work can be found at: http://www.NetBSD.org/foundation/ Sources of NetBSD Refer to http://www.NetBSD.org/mirrors/ NetBSD 5.1_STABLE Release Contents The root directory of the NetBSD 5.1_STABLE release is organized as fol- lows: .../NetBSD-5.1_STABLE/ CHANGES Changes between the 4.0 and 5.0 releases. CHANGES-5.0 Changes between the initial 5.0 branch and final release of 5.0. CHANGES-5.1 Changes between the 5.0 and 5.1 releases. CHANGES.prev Changes in previous NetBSD releases. LAST_MINUTE Last minute changes and notes about the release. README.files README describing the distribution's contents. source/ Source distribution sets; see below. In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one directory per architecture, for each of the architectures for which NetBSD 5.1_STABLE has a binary distribution. The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the source subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source distribution sets are as follows: gnusrc This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets. 79 MB gzipped, 450 MB uncompressed sharesrc This set contains the ``share'' sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associated with any particular program; the sources for the typesettable document set; the dictionaries; and more. 7 MB gzipped, 32 MB uncompressed src This set contains all of the base NetBSD 5.1_STABLE sources which are not in gnusrc, sharesrc, or syssrc. 59 MB gzipped, 350 MB uncompressed syssrc This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 5.1_STABLE kernel for all architectures as well as the config(1) utility. 34 MB gzipped, 197 MB uncompressed xsrc This set contains the sources to the X Window System. 127 MB gzipped, 694 MB uncompressed All the above source sets are located in the source/sets subdirectory of the distribution tree. The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. Except for the pkgsrc set, which is traditionally unpacked into /usr/pkgsrc, all sets may be unpacked into /usr/src with the command: # cd / ; tar -zxpf set_name.tgz In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory: MD5 MD5 digests in the format produced by the command: cksum -a MD5 file. SHA512 SHA512 digests in the format produced by the command: cksum -a SHA512 file. The SHA512 digest is safer, but MD5 checksums are provided so that a wider range of operating systems can check the integrity of the release files. NetBSD/i386 subdirectory structure The i386-specific portion of the NetBSD 5.1_STABLE release is found in the i386 subdirectory of the distribution: .../NetBSD-5.1_STABLE/i386/. It contains the following files and directories: INSTALL.html INSTALL.ps INSTALL.txt INSTALL.more Installation notes in various file formats, including this file. The .more file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicating italic and bold display. binary/ kernel/ netbsd-GENERIC.gz A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for everything supported in this release. netbsd-INSTALL.gz The installation kernel. netbsd-INSTALL_FLOPPY.gz A version of INSTALL for older machines without CD-ROM drives. netbsd-INSTALL_XEN2_DOMU.gz netbsd-INSTALL_XEN3PAE_DOMU.gz netbsd-INSTALL_XEN3_DOMU.gz netbsd-XEN2_DOM0.gz netbsd-XEN2_DOMU.gz netbsd-XEN3PAE_DOMU.gz netbsd-XEN3_DOM0.gz netbsd-XEN3_DOMU.gz sets/ i386 binary distribution sets; see below. installation/ cdrom/ i386 bootable cdrom images; see below. floppy/ i386 boot and installation floppies; see below. misc/ Miscellaneous i386 installation utilities; see installation section below. Binary distribution sets The NetBSD i386 binary distribution sets contain the binaries which com- prise the NetBSD 5.1_STABLE release for i386. The binary distribution sets can be found in the i386/binary/sets subdirectory of the NetBSD 5.1_STABLE distribution tree, and are as follows: base The NetBSD 5.1_STABLE i386 base binary distribution. You must install this distribution set. It contains the base NetBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be mini- mally functional. 26 MB gzipped, 77 MB uncompressed comp Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (/usr/include) and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the base set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. 38 MB gzipped, 131 MB uncompressed etc This distribution set contains the system configuration files that reside in /etc and in several other places. This set must be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should not be used if you are upgrading. 1 MB gzipped, 1 MB uncompressed games This set includes the games and their manual pages. 4 MB gzipped, 8 MB uncompressed kern-GENERIC This set contains a NetBSD/i386 5.1_STABLE GENERIC kernel, named /netbsd. You must install this distribution set. 5 MB gzipped, 11 MB uncompressed man This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the base set. Note that it does not include any of the manual pages that are included in the other sets. 12 MB gzipped, 50 MB uncompressed misc This set includes the system dictionaries, the typesettable doc- ument set, and other files from /usr/share. 4 MB gzipped, 13 MB uncompressed text This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages. 3 MB gzipped, 10 MB uncompressed NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibility. These sources are based on X.Org. Binary sets for the X Window System are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are: xbase The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers. 7 MB gzipped, 21 MB uncompressed xcomp The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code. 14 MB gzipped, 48 MB uncompressed xfont Fonts needed by the X server and by X clients. 32 MB gzipped, 74 MB uncompressed xetc Configuration files for X which could be locally modified. 1 MB gzipped, 1 MB uncompressed xserver The X server. This includes the modular Xorg server. 8 MB gzipped, 21 MB uncompressed The i386 binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension .tgz, e.g. base.tgz. The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the filenames stored in the sets are relative and therefore the files are extracted below the current directory. Therefore, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the tar -xzpf command from the root directory ( / ) of your system. Note: Each directory in the i386 binary distribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source distribution does. NetBSD/i386 System Requirements and Supported Devices NetBSD 5.1_STABLE runs on all i486 or later PC-compatible systems with 1 to 32 processors. The minimal configuration for a full, standard instal- lation is 32MB of RAM and 250MB of disk space. NetBSD requires a numeric co-processor. The target system must have one of the following processors: o an i486DX or compatible o an i486SX with an i487 numeric co-processor installed o a Pentium compatible or later processor On systems with under 32MB of memory, a custom installation of NetBSD can be performed manually. That procedure is not documented here. Supported devices Explanation of bracketed footnote tags [] follows this listing. o Floppy controllers. o MFM, ESDI, IDE, and RLL hard disk controllers There is complete support (including IDE DMA or Ultra-DMA) for the following PCI controllers - Acard ATA-850 and 860 based IDE Controllers - Acer labs M5229 IDE Controller - Advanced Micro Devices AMD-756, 766, and 768 IDE Con- trollers - CMD Tech PCI0643, 0646, 0648, and 0649 IDE Controllers - Contaq Microsystems/Cypress CY82C693 IDE Controller - HighPoint HPT366, HPT370, HPT372, and HPT374. - IBM ESDI Fixed Disk Controllers [m] - Intel PIIX, PIIX3, and PIIX4 IDE Controllers - Intel 82801 (ICH/ICH0/ICH2/ICH4/ICH5/ICH6/ICH7/ICH8/ICH9) IDE/SATA Controllers - Promise PDC20246 (Ultra/33), PDC20262 (Ultra/66), PDC20265/PDC20267 (Ultra/100), PDC20268 (Ultra/100TX2 and Ultra/100TX2v2), Ultra/133, Ultra/133TX2, and Ultra/133TX2v2. - Promise SATA150 serial-ATA controllers: PDC20318, PDC20319, PDC20371, PDC20375, PDC20376, PDC20377, PDC20378 and PDC20379. - Silicon Integrated System 5597/5598 IDE controller - VIA Technologies VT82C586, VT82C586A, VT82C596A, VT82C686A, and VT8233A IDE Controllers - Silicon Image SATALink controllers - Silicon Image SteelVine SATA controllers [*] [+] Most of these controllers are only available in multifunction PCI chips. Other PCI IDE controllers are supported, but per- formance may not be optimal. ISA, ISA Plug and Play and PCMCIA IDE controllers are supported as well. o SCSI host adapters - Adaptec AHA-154xA, -B, -C, and -CF - Adaptec AHA-1640 cards (MCA variant of AHA-1540) [m] - Adaptec AHA-174x - Adaptec AIC-6260 and AIC-6360 based boards, including the Adaptec AHA-152x, Adaptec APA-1460 (PCMCIA) and APA-1480 (CardBus), and the SoundBlaster SCSI host adapter. Note: You cannot boot from these boards if they do not have a boot ROM; consequently only the AHA-152x and motherboards using this chip are likely to be bootable. - Adaptec AHA-2910, 2915, 2920, and 2930C adapters. - Adaptec AHA-2x4x[U][2][W] cards and onboard PCI designs using the AIC-7770, AIC-7850, AIC-7860, AIC-7870, AIC-7880 and AIC-789x chipsets. - Adaptec AHA-394x[U][W] cards [b] - Adaptec AHA-3950U2 cards - Adaptec AHA-3960, 19160, and 29160 Ultra-160 adapters - AdvanSys ABP-9x0[U][A] cards - AdvanSys ABP-940UW[68], ABP-970UW[68], and ASB3940UW-00 cards - AMD PCscsi-PCI (Am53c974) based SCSI adapters, including Tekram DC-390 - BusLogic 54x (Adaptec AHA-154x clones) - BusLogic 445, 74x, 9xx (but not the new `FlashPoint' series of BusLogic SCSI adapters) - Qlogic ISP [12]0x0 SCSI/FibreChannel boards - Seagate/Future Domain ISA SCSI adapter cards o ST01/02 o Future Domain TMC-885 o Future Domain TMC-950 - Symbios Logic (NCR) 53C8xx-based PCI SCSI host adapters o Acculogic PCIpport o ASUS SC-200 (requires NCR BIOS on motherboard to boot from disks) o ASUS SC-875 o ASUS SP3[G] motherboard onboard SCSI o DEC Celebris XL/590 onboard SCSI o Diamond FirePort 40 o Lomas Data SCSI adapters o NCR/SYM 8125 (and its many clones; be careful, some of these cards have a jumper to set the PCI interrupt; leave it on INT A!) o Promise DC540 (a particularly common OEM model of the SYM 8125) o Tekram DC-390U/F o Tyan Yorktown - Symbios Logic (NCR) 5380/53C400-based ISA SCSI host adapters [*] - Ultrastor 14f, 34f, and (possibly) 24f - Western Digital WD7000 SCSI and TMC-7000 host adapters (ISA cards only) o MDA, CGA, VGA, SVGA, and HGC Display Adapters Note: Not all of the display adapters NetBSD/i386 can work with are supported by X. See the NetBSD Guide chapter on X for more information: http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/guide/en/chap-x.html o Serial ports - 8250/16450-based ports - 16550/16650/16750-based ports - AST-style 4-port serial cards [*] - BOCA 8-port serial cards [*] - BOCA 6-port (ioat) serial cards [*] - IBM PC-RT 4-port serial cards [*] - TCOM TC-400 (4-port), TC-800 (8-port) serial cards [*] - Single-port Hayes ESP serial cards [*] - Cyclades Cyclom-Y serial cards [*] [+] - Addonics FlexPort 8S 8-port serial cards [*] - Byte Runner Technologies TC-400 and TC-800 serial cards [*] - PCI universal communication cards o Parallel ports. [*] [+] o Ethernet adapters - AMD LANCE and PCnet-based ISA Ethernet adapters [*] o Novell NE1500T o Novell NE2100 o Kingston 21xx o Digital EtherWORKS II ISA adapters (DE200/DE201/DE202) - AMD LANCE and PCnet-based MCA Ethernet adapters [m] o SKNET Personal o SKNET MC+ - AMD PCnet-based PCI Ethernet adapters o Addtron AE-350 o BOCALANcard/PCI o SVEC FD0455 o X/Lan Add-On Adapter o IBM #13H9237 PCI Ethernet Adapter - AT&T StarLAN 10, EN100, and StarLAN Fiber - Attansic/Atheros L2 Fast-Ethernet card - 3COM 3c501 - 3COM 3c503 - 3COM 3c505 [*] - 3COM 3c507 - 3COM 3c509, 3c579, 3c589, and 3c59X - 3COM 3c523 EtherLink/MC [m] - 3COM 3c529 EtherLink III [m] - 3COM 3c90X (including 3c905B), 3c450, 3c55X, 3c575, 3c980, 3cSOHO100 - Digital DC21x4x-based PCI Ethernet adapters o Accton EN2242 o ASUS PCI-DEC100TX+ o Cogent EM1X0, EM960 (a.k.a. Adaptec ANA-69XX) o Cogent EM964 [b] o Cogent EM4XX [b] o Compex Readylink PCI o DANPEX EN-9400P3 o Digital Celebris GL, GLST on-board ethernet o DEC (Digital) PCI Ethernet/Fast Ethernet adapters (all) o DLINK DFE500-TX o JCIS Condor JC1260 o JMicron Technologies JMC250/JMC260 controllers [*] [+] o Linksys PCI Fast Ethernet o SMC EtherPower 10, 10/100 (PCI only!) o SMC EtherPower^2 [b] o Sundance ST-201 based ethernet adapters (including DLINK DFE550-TX and DFE580-TX) o SVEC PN0455 o SVEC FD1000-TP o Znyx ZX34X - Digital EtherWORKS III ISA adapters (DE203/DE204/DE205) [*] - Digital DEPCM-BA (PCMCIA) and DE305 (ISA) NE2000-compatible cards - BICC Isolan [* and not recently tested] - Efficient Networks EN-155 and Adaptec AIC-590x ATM inter- faces - Essential Communications Hippi (800 Mbit/s) - Fujitsu MB86960A/MB86965A based cards o Fujitsu FMV-180 series o Allied-Telesis AT1700 series o Allied-Telesis AT1700 series MCA [m] o Allied-Telesis RE2000 series - Intel EtherExpress 16 - Intel EtherExpress PRO/10 - Intel EtherExpress 100 Fast Ethernet adapters - Intel Intel PRO/1000 Gigabit Ethernet adapters - Novell NE1000, NE2000 (ISA, PCI, PCMCIA, ISA PnP) - Realtek 8129/8139 based boards - Realtek 8139C+/8169/8169S/8110S based boards - SMC/WD 8003, 8013, and the SMC `Elite16' ISA boards - SMC/WD 8003, 8013 and IBM PS/2 Adapter/A MCA boards [m] - SMC/WD 8216 (the SMC `Elite16 Ultra' ISA boards) - SMC 91C9x-based boards (ISA and PCMCIA) - SMC EPIC/100 Fast Ethernet boards o SMC Etherpower-II - Texas Instruments ThunderLAN based ethernet boards o Compaq Netelligent 10/100 TX o Compaq ProLiant Integrated Netelligent 10/100 TX o Compaq Netelligent 10 T (untested) o Compaq Integrated NetFlex 3/P o Compaq NetFlex 3/P in baseboard variant (the PCI vari- ant doesn't use the same chip!) o Compaq Dual Port Netelligent 10/100 TX o Compaq Deskpro 4000 5233MMX (untested) o Texas Instruments TravelMate 5000 series laptop docking station Ethernet board - VIA VT3043 (Rhine) and VT86C100A (Rhine-II) based ethernet boards o D-Link DFE530TX o FDDI adapters - Digital DEFPA PCI FDDI adapters [*] [+] - Digital DEFEA EISA FDDI adapters [*] [+] o Token-Ring adapters - IBM Token-Ring Network PC Adapter [+] - IBM Token-Ring Network PC Adapter II [+] - IBM Token-Ring Network Adapter/A [+] - IBM Token-Ring Network 16/4 Adapter [+] - IBM Token-Ring Network 16/4 Adapter/A [m] - IBM 16/4 ISA Adapter [+] - IBM Auto 16/4 Token-Ring ISA Adapter [+] - 3COM 3C619 TokenLink [+] - 3COM 3C319 TokenLink Velocity [+] o Wireless network adapters - Many Atheros 802.11 cards - 3Com AirConnect Wireless LAN - AT&T/Lucent/Agere WaveLAN/ORiNOCO IEEE (802.11) PCMCIA cards - Aironet 4500/4800 and Cisco 340 series PCMCIA cards - BayStack 650 802.11FH PCMCIA cards [*] [+] - Corega Wireless LAN PCC-11 cards [*] [+] - DEC/Cabletron RoamAbout 802.11 DS High Rate cards [*] [+] - ELSA AirLancer MC-11 card [*] [+] - Intel 2100/2200BG/2915ABG/4965AGN cards [*] [+] - Intersil Prism II - Melco AIR CONNECT WLI-PCM-L11 cards [*] [+] - NetWave AirSurfer PCMCIA cards [*] [+] o High Speed Serial - LAN Media Corporation SSI/LMC10000 (up to 10 Mbps) [*] [+] - LAN Media Corporation HSSI/LMC5200 [*] [+] - LAN Media Corporation DS3/LMC5245 [*] [+] o Tape drives - Most SCSI tape drives - Seagate and OnStream ATAPI tape drives, possibly others - QIC-02 and QIC-36 format (Archive- and Wangtek- compatible) tape drives [*] [+] o CD-ROM drives - Non-IDE Mitsumi CD-ROM drives [*] [+] Note: The Mitsumi driver device probe is known to cause trouble with several devices! - Most SCSI CD-ROM drives - Most ATAPI CD-ROM drives. Note: Some low-priced IDE CD-ROM drives are known for being not or not fully ATAPI compliant, and thus require some hack (generally an entry to a quirk ta- ble) to work with NetBSD. o Mice - ``Logitech'' -style bus mice [*] [+] - Microsoft-style bus mice [*] [+] - ``PS/2'' -style mice [*] [+] - Serial mice (no kernel support necessary) o Sound Cards - Aria based sound cards [*] - Cirrus Logic CS461x, CS4280 and CS4281 audio [*] [+] - Ensoniq AudioPCI [*] [+] - ESS Technology ESS 1688 Audiodrive, ES1777/1868/1869/1887/1888/888, Maestro 1/2/2E and Solo-1 ES1938/1946 [*] [+] - Gravis Ultrasound Plug and Play [*] [+] - Gravis Ultrasound and Ultrasound Max [*] [+] - NeoMagic MagicMedia 256AV / 256ZX AC'97 audio [*] [+] - Personal Sound System [*] [+] - ProAudio Spectrum [*] [+] - S3 SonicVibes [*] [+] - SoundBlaster, SoundBlaster Pro, SoundBlaster 16 [*] [+] - VIA VT82C686A southbridge integrated AC97 audio [*] [+] - Windows Sound System [*] [+] - Yamaha YMF724/740/744/754 audio (DS-1 series) [*] [+] - Yamaha OPL3-SA3 audio [*] [+] o Game Ports (Joysticks) [*] [+] o Miscellaneous - Advanced power management (APM) [*] - Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) [*] [+] o Universal Serial Bus (USB) - UHCI host controllers [*] [+] - OHCI host controllers [*] [+] - Hubs [*] [+] - Keyboards using the boot protocol [*] [+] - Mice [*] [+] - Printers [*] [+] - Modems using Abstract Control Model [*] [+] - 3G wireless modems [*] [+] - Generic support for HID devices [*] [+] - Ethernet adapters [*] [+] - Audio devices [*] [+] - FTDI based serial adapters [*] [+] - Silicon Labs CP210x serial adapters [*] [+] - Mass storage devices such as disks, ZIP drives and digital cameras [*] [+] - driver for the Prolific host-to-host adapter [*] [+] - Handspring Visor driver [*] [+] o PCMCIA Controllers. ISA, PCI, and ISA Plug and Play attachments - Intel 82365 PCIC, rev 0 and rev 1 - Cirrus PD6710 - Cirrus PD672X Note: This will work with most laptops as well as with ISA cards which provide PCMCIA slots for desktops. o RAID Controllers - 3ware Escalade family of controllers - Compaq Integrated Array (PCI) [b] - Compaq IAES (EISA) - Compaq IDA, IDA-2 (EISA) - Compaq Smart Array 221, 3100ES, 3200, 4200, 4250ES (PCI) [b] - Compaq Smart Array 431, RAID LC2 [b] - Compaq SMART 2, 2/E (EISA) - Compaq SMART 2/E, 2/P, 2DH, 2SL (PCI) [b] - DELL RAID controllers o PERC 2/SC o PERC 2/DC o PERC 4/Di o PERC 4/SC o PERC 4e/Si o CERC 1.5 - DPT SCSI RAID boards (ISA [*], EISA and PCI) o SmartCache III o SmartCache IV o SmartRAID III o SmartRAID IV - MegaRAID controllers o 320-1 o 320-2 o Series 418 o Enterprise 1200 (Series 428) o Enterprise 1300 (Series 434) o Enterprise 1400 (Series 438) o Enterprise 1500 (Series 467) o Enterprise 1600 (Series 471) o Elite 1500 (Series 467) o Elite 1600 (Series 493) o Express 100 (Series 466WS) o Express 200 (Series 466) o Express 300 (Series 490) o Express 500 (Series 475) Specific driver footnotes: [*] Drivers are not present in kernels on the distribution floppies. Except as noted above, all drivers are present on all disks. Also, at the present time, the distributed kernels support only one SCSI host adapter per machine. NetBSD normally allows more, though, so if you have more than one, you can use all of them by compiling a custom kernel once NetBSD is installed. [+] Support is included in the GENERIC kernels, although it is not in the kernels which are on the distribution floppies. [b] Devices require BIOS support for PCI-PCI bridging on your mother- board. Most reasonably modern Pentium motherboards have this sup- port, or can acquire it via a BIOS upgrade. [m] Devices are only supported by MCA-enabled kernels. Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media If you are not booting off a CD-ROM, you will need to have some floppy disks to boot off; either three 1.44 MB floppies or one 1.2 MB floppy. Use boot1.fs and boot2.fs for VGA installation. boot-com1.fs and boot-com2.fs are available if you wish to use a serial console. If you are using a UNIX-like system to write the floppy images to disks, you should use the dd command to copy the file system image(s) (.fs file) directly to the raw floppy disk. It is suggested that you read the dd(1) manual page or ask your system administrator to determine the correct set of arguments to use; it will be slightly different from system to system, and a comprehensive list of the possibilities is beyond the scope of this document. If you are using MS-DOS to write the floppy image(s) to floppy disk, you should use the rawrite utility, provided in the i386/installation/misc directory of the NetBSD distribution. It will write a file system image (.fs file) to a floppy disk. A rawrite32 is also available that runs under MS Windows. Note that if you are installing or upgrading from writable media, it can be write-protected if you wish. These systems mount a root image from inside the kernel, and will not need to write to the media. If you booted from a floppy, the floppy disk may be removed from the drive after the system has booted. Installation is supported from several media types, including: o CD-ROM / DVD o MS-DOS floppy o FTP o Remote NFS partition o Tape o Existing NetBSD partitions, if performing an upgrade The steps necessary to prepare the distribution sets for installation depend upon which installation medium you choose. The steps for the var- ious media are outlined below. CD-ROM / DVD Find out where the distribution set files are on the CD- ROM or DVD. Likely locations are binary/sets and i386/binary/sets. Proceed to the instructions on installation. MS-DOS floppy NetBSD does not include split distribution sets for installation by floppy. However, they can be created on a separate machine using the split(1) command, running e.g. split -b 235k base.tgz base. to split the base.tgz file from i386/binary/sets into files named base.aa, base.ab, and so on. Repeat this for all set_name.tgz files, split- ting them into set_name.xx files. Count the number of set_name.xx files that make up the distribution sets you want to install or upgrade. You will need one fifth that number of 1.2 MB floppies, or one sixth that number of 1.44 MB floppies. You should only use one size of floppy for the install or upgrade procedure; you can't use some 1.2 MB floppies and some 1.44 MB floppies. Format all of the floppies with MS-DOS. Do not make any of them bootable MS-DOS floppies, i.e. don't use format /s to format them. (If the floppies are bootable, then the MS-DOS system files that make them bootable will take up some space, and you won't be able to fit the distribution set parts on the disks.) If you're using floppies that are formatted for MS-DOS by their manufacturers, they probably aren't bootable, and you can use them out of the box. Place all of the set_name.xx files on the MS-DOS disks. Once you have the files on MS-DOS disks, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the sec- tion on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. FTP The preparations for this installation/upgrade method are easy; all you need to do is make sure that there's an FTP site from which you can retrieve the NetBSD distribution when you're about to install or upgrade. If you don't have DHCP available on your network, you will need to know the numeric IP address of that site, and, if it's not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. If you don't have access to a functioning nameserver during installation, the IPv4 address of ftp.NetBSD.org is 204.152.190.15 and the IPv6 address is 2001:4f8:3:7:230:48ff:fec6:9aaa:21 (as of May, 2010). Once you have this information, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. NFS Place the NetBSD distribution sets you wish to install into a directory on an NFS server, and make that directory mountable by the machine on which you are installing or upgrading NetBSD. This will probably require modifying the /etc/exports file on the NFS server and resetting its mount daemon (mountd). (Both of these actions will proba- bly require superuser privileges on the server.) You need to know the numeric IP address of the NFS server, and, if you don't have DHCP available on your network and the server is not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. Once the NFS server is set up properly and you have the information mentioned above, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on pre- paring your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. Tape To install NetBSD from a tape, you need to make a tape that contains the distribution set files, in `tar' format. If you're making the tape on a UNIX-like system, the easi- est way to do so is probably something like: # tar -cf tape_device dist_directories where tape_device is the name of the tape device that describes the tape drive you're using; possibly /dev/rst0, or something similar, but it will vary from system to sys- tem. (If you can't figure it out, ask your system admin- istrator.) In the above example, dist_directories are the distribution sets' directories, for the distribution sets you wish to place on the tape. For instance, to put the kern-GENERIC, base, and etc distributions on tape (in order to do the absolute minimum installation to a new disk), you would do the following: # cd .../NetBSD-5.1_STABLE # cd i386/binary # tar -cf tape_device kern-GENERIC base etc Note: You still need to fill in tape_device in the example. Once you have the files on the tape, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. Preparing your System for NetBSD installation First and foremost, before beginning the installation process, make sure you have a reliable backup of any data on your hard disk that you wish to keep. Mistakes in partitioning your hard disk may lead to data loss. It is strongly recommended that as part of the installation procedure, you upgrade your system's BIOS to the latest version available from your system vendor. Later BIOSes often contain workarounds for CPU and chipset bugs, workarounds that cannot be provided by the operating sys- tem. In the past, bugs fixed this way have been known to cause unpredictable behaviour and frequent system crashes with NetBSD and other UNIX-like operating systems on x86 hardware. Before you begin, you should be aware of the geometry issues that may arise in relation to your hard disk. First of all, you should know about sector size. You can count on this to be 512 bytes; other sizes are rare (and currently not supported). Of particular interest are the number of sectors per track, the number of tracks per cylinder (also known as the number of heads), and the number of cylinders. Together they describe the disk geometry. The BIOS has a limit of 1024 cylinders and 63 sectors per track for doing BIOS I/O. This is because of the old programming interface to the BIOS that restricts these values. Most of the big disks currently being used have more than 1024 real cylinders. Some have more than 63 sectors per track. Therefore, the BIOS can be instructed to use a fake geometry that accesses most of the disk and the fake geometry has less than or equal to 1024 cylinders and less than or equal to 63 sectors. This is possible because the disks can be addressed in a way that is not restricted to these values, and the BIOS can internally perform a translation. This can be activated in most modern BIOSes by using Large or LBA mode for the disk. NetBSD does not have the mentioned limitations with regard to the geome- try. However, since the BIOS has to be used during startup, it is impor- tant to know about the geometry the BIOS uses. The NetBSD kernel should be on a part of the disk where it can be loaded using the BIOS, within the limitations of the BIOS geometry. The install program will check this for you, and will give you a chance to correct this if this is not the case. If you have not yet installed any other systems on the hard disk that you plan to install NetBSD on, or if you plan to use the disk entirely for NetBSD, you may wish to check your BIOS settings for the `Large' or `LBA' modes, and activate them for the hard disk in question. While they are not needed by NetBSD as such, doing so will remove the limitations men- tioned above, and will avoid hassle should you wish to share the disk with other systems. Do not change these settings if you already have data on the disk that you want to preserve! In any case, it is wise to check your the BIOS settings for the hard disk geometry before beginning the installation, and write them down. While this should usually not be needed, it enables you to verify that the install program determines these values correctly. The geometry that the BIOS uses will be referred to as the BIOS geometry, the geometry that NetBSD uses is the real geometry. sysinst, the NetBSD installation program, will try to discover both the real geometry and BIOS geometry. It is important that sysinst know the proper BIOS geometry to be able to get NetBSD to boot, regardless of where on your disk you put it. It is less of a concern if the disk is going to be used entirely for NetBSD. If you intend to have several OSes on your disk, this becomes a much larger issue. Installing the NetBSD System Running the sysinst installation program 1. Introduction Using sysinst, installing NetBSD is a relatively easy process. Still, you should read this document and have it in hand when doing the installation process. This document tries to be a good guide to the installation, and as such, covers many details for the sake of completeness. Do not let this discourage you; the install program is not hard to use. 2. Possible hardware problems Should you encounter hardware problems during installation, try rebooting after unplugging removable devices you don't need for installation. Non-removable devices can be disabled with userconf (use boot -c to enter it). 3. General The following is a walk-through of the steps you will take while getting NetBSD installed on your hard disk. sysinst is a menu driven installation system that allows for some freedom in doing the installation. Sometimes, questions will be asked and in many cases the default answer will be displayed in brackets (``[ ]'') after the question. If you wish to stop the installation, you may press CONTROL-C at any time, but if you do, you'll have to begin the installation process again from scratch by running the /sysinst pro- gram from the command prompt. It is not necessary to reboot. 4. Quick install First, let's describe a quick install. The other sections of this document go into the installation procedure in more detail, but you may find that you do not need this. If you want detailed instruc- tions, skip to the next section. This section describes a basic installation, using a CD-ROM install as an example. o What you need. - The distribution sets (in this example, they are on CD). - A CD-ROM drive (SCSI or ATAPI), a hard disk and a minimum of 32 MB of memory installed. - The hard disk should have at least 200 + n megabytes of space free, where n is the number of megabytes of main mem- ory in your system. If you wish to install the X Window System as well, you will need at least 215 MB more. o The Quick Installation - Insert the CD into the drive and boot the computer. .***********************************************. * NetBSD-5.1_STABLE Install System * * * *>a: Install NetBSD to hard disk * * b: Upgrade NetBSD on a hard disk * * c: Re-install sets or install additional sets * * d: Reboot the computer * * e: Utility menu * * x: Exit Install System * .***********************************************. - If you wish, you can configure some network settings immedi- ately by choosing the Utility menu and then Configure network. It isn't actually required at this point, but it may be more convenient. Go back to the main menu. - Choose install. - You will be guided through some steps regarding the setup of your disk, and the selection of distributed components to install. When in doubt, refer to the rest of this document for details. - After your disk has been prepared, choose CD-ROM as the medium. The default values for the path and device should be ok. - After all the files have been unpacked, go back to the main menu and select reboot. - NetBSD will now boot. If you haven't already done so in sysinst, you should log in as root and set a password for that account. You are also advised to edit /etc/rc.conf to match your needs. - Your installation is now complete. 5. Booting NetBSD Boot your machine. The boot loader will start, and will print a countdown and begin booting. You may want to read the boot mes- sages, to notice your disk's name and geometry. Its name will be something like sd0 or wd0 and the geometry will be printed on a line that begins with its name. As mentioned above, you may need your disk's geometry when creating NetBSD's partitions. You will also need to know the name, to tell sysinst on which disk to install. The most important thing to know is that wd0 is NetBSD's name for your first IDE disk, wd1 the second, etc. sd0 is your first SCSI disk, sd1 the second, etc. Once NetBSD has booted and printed all the boot messages, you will be presented with a welcome message and a main menu. It will also include instructions for using the menus. 6. Network configuration If you do not intend to use networking during the installation, but you do want your machine to be configured for networking once it is installed, you should first go to the Utility menu and select the Configure network option. If you only want to temporarily use net- working during the installation, you can specify these parameters later. If you are not using the Domain Name System (DNS), you can give an empty response when asked to provide a server. 7. Installation drive selection and parameters To start the installation, select Install NetBSD to hard disk from the main menu. The first thing is to identify the disk on which you want to install NetBSD. sysinst will report a list of disks it finds and ask you for your selection. You should see disk names like wd0, wd1, sd0 or sd1. sysinst next tries to figure out the real and BIOS geometry of your disk. It will present you with the values it found, if any, and will give you a chance to change them. Normally, the values it presents will be correct. 8. Selecting which sets to install The next step is to choose which distribution sets you wish to install. Options are provided for full, minimal, and custom instal- lations. If you choose sets on your own, base, etc, and a kernel must be selected. 9. Partitioning the disk o Which portion of the disk to use. You will be asked if you want to use the entire disk or only part of the disk. If you decide to use the entire disk for NetBSD, sysinst will check for the presence of other operating systems and you will be asked to confirm that you want to over- write these. If you want to use the entire disk for NetBSD, you can skip the fol- lowing section and go to Editing the NetBSD disklabel. 10. Editing the Master Boot Record You will be presented with the current values stored in the MBR, and will be given the opportunity to change, create or delete parti- tions. For each partition you can set the type, the start and the size. Setting the type to unused will delete a partition. You can also mark a partition as active, meaning that this is the one that the BIOS will start from at boot time. Be sure to mark the partition you want to boot from as active! After you are done editing the MBR, a sanity check will be done, checking for partitions that overlap. Depending on the BIOS capa- bilities of your machine and the parameters of the NetBSD partition you have specified, you may also be asked if you want to install newer bootcode in your MBR. If you have multiple operating systems on the disk that you are installing on, you will also be given the option to install a bootselector, which will allow you to pick the operating system to start up when your computer is (re-)started. If everything is ok, you can go on to the next step, editing the NetBSD disklabel. 11. Editing the NetBSD disklabel The partition table of the NetBSD part of a disk is called a disklabel. If your disk already has a disklabel written to it, you can choose Use existing partition sizes. Otherwise, select Set sizes of NetBSD partitions. After you have chosen your partitions and their sizes (or if you opted to use the existing partitions), you will be presented with the layout of the NetBSD disklabel and given one more chance to change it. For each partition, you can set the type, offset and size, block and fragment size, and the mount point. The type that NetBSD uses for normal file storage is called 4.2BSD. A swap parti- tion has a special type called swap. You can also specify a parti- tion as type MSDOS. This is useful if you share the disk with MS-DOS or Windows; NetBSD is able to access the files on these par- titions. You can use the values from the MBR for the MS-DOS part of the disk to specify the partition of type MSDOS (you don't have to do this now, you can always re-edit the disklabel to add this once you have installed NetBSD, or use mbrlabel(8) to help you update your disklabel with data from the MBR). Some partitions in the disklabel have a fixed purpose. a Root partition (/) b Swap partition. c The NetBSD portion of the disk. d The entire disk. e-p Available for other use. Traditionally, e is the par- tition mounted on /usr, but this is historical prac- tice and not a fixed value. You will then be asked to name your disk's disklabel. The default response will be ok for most purposes. If you choose to name it something different, make sure the name is a single word and con- tains no special characters. You don't need to remember this name. 12. Preparing your hard disk You are now at the point of no return. Nothing has been written to your disk yet, but if you confirm that you want to install NetBSD, your hard drive will be modified. If you are sure you want to pro- ceed, select yes. The install program will now label your disk and make the file sys- tems you specified. The file systems will be initialized to contain NetBSD bootstrapping binaries and configuration files. You will see messages on your screen from the various NetBSD disk preparation tools that are running. There should be no errors in this section of the installation. If there are, restart from the beginning of the installation process. Otherwise, you can continue the installa- tion program after pressing the return key. 13. Getting the distribution sets The NetBSD distribution consists of a number of sets that come in the form of gzipped tarfiles. At this point, you will be presented with a menu which enables you to choose from one of the following methods of installing the sets. Some of these methods will first load the sets on your hard disk, others will extract the sets directly. For all these methods, the first step is making the sets available for extraction, and then do the actual installation. The sets can be made available in a few different ways. The following sections describe each of those methods. After reading the one about the method you will be using, you can continue to the section labeled `Extracting the distribution sets'. 14. Installation from CD-ROM When installing from a CD-ROM, you will be asked to specify the device name for your CD-ROM drive (usually cd0), and the directory name on the CD-ROM where the distribution files are. sysinst will then check if the files are indeed available in the specified location, and proceed to the actual extraction of the sets. 15. Installation using ftp To be able to install using ftp, you first need to configure your network setup if you haven't already done so. sysinst will do this for you, asking you if you want to use DHCP. If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network configuration details yourself. If you do not have DNS set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from, the directory on that host, the account name and password used to log into that host using ftp, and optionally a proxy server to use. If you did not set up DNS, you will need to specify an IP address instead of a hostname for the ftp server. sysinst will proceed to transfer all the default set files from the remote site to your hard disk. 16. Installation using NFS To be able to install using NFS, you first need to configure your network setup if you haven't already done so. sysinst will do this for you, asking you if you want to use DHCP. If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network configuration details yourself. If you do not have DNS set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from and the directory on that host that the files are in. This directory should be mountable by the machine you are installing on, i.e., correctly exported to your machine. If you did not set up DNS, you will need to specify an IP address instead of a hostname for the NFS server. 17. Installation from a floppy set Because the installation sets are too big to fit on one floppy, the floppies are expected to be filled with the split set files. The floppies are expected to be in MS-DOS format. You will be asked for a directory where the sets should be reassembled. Then you will be prompted to insert the floppies containing the split sets. This process will continue until all the sets have been loaded from floppy. 18. Installation from an unmounted file system In order to install from a local file system, you will need to spec- ify the device that the file system resides on (for example sd1e) the type of the file system, and the directory on the specified file system where the sets are located. sysinst will then check if it can indeed access the sets at that location. 19. Installation from a local directory This option assumes that you have already done some preparation yourself. The sets should be located in a directory on a file sys- tem that is already accessible. sysinst will ask you for the name of this directory. 20. Extracting the distribution sets Before extraction begins, you can elect to watch the files being extracted; the name of each file that is extracted will be shown. This can slow down the installation process considerably on machines with slow graphics consoles or serial consoles. Alternatively, you can choose to see a progress bar. This is the preferred option as it shows progress without significantly slowing down the installa- tion process. After all the files have been extracted, the device node files will be created. If you have already configured networking, you will be asked if you want to use this configuration for normal operation. If so, these values will be installed in the network configuration files. The next menu will allow you to select the time zone that you're in, to make sure your clock has the right offset from UTC. Finally you will be asked to select a password encryption algorithm and can then set a password for the "root" account, to prevent the machine from coming up without access restrictions. 21. Finalizing your installation Congratulations, you have successfully installed NetBSD 5.1_STABLE. You can now reboot the machine and boot NetBSD from hard disk. Post installation steps Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a properly configured state. The most important steps are described below. 1. Configuring /etc/rc.conf If you or the installation software haven't done any configuration of /etc/rc.conf (sysinst usually will), the system will drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the message /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted. and with the root file system (/) mounted read-only. When the sys- tem asks you to choose a shell, simply press RETURN to get to a /bin/sh prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with vt220 (or whatever is appropriate for your terminal type) and press RETURN. You may need to type one of the following commands to get your delete key to work properly, depending on your keyboard: # stty erase '^h' # stty erase '^?' At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the /etc directory. You will need to mount your root file system read/write with: # /sbin/mount -u -w / Change to the /etc directory and take a look at the /etc/rc.conf file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi- user boot can proceed. Default values for the various programs can be found in /etc/defaults/rc.conf, where some in-line documentation may be found. More complete documentation can be found in rc.conf(5). When you have finished editing /etc/rc.conf, type exit at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and continue with the multi-user boot. Other values that may need to be set in /etc/rc.conf for a networked environment are hostname and possibly defaultroute. You may also need to add an ifconfig_int for your network interface, along the lines of ifconfig_wm0="inet 192.0.2.123 netmask 255.255.255.0" or, if you have myname.my.dom in /etc/hosts: ifconfig_wm0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0" To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an /etc/resolv.conf file or (if you are feeling a little more adventur- ous) run named(8). See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more informa- tion. Instead of manually configuring network and naming service, DHCP can be used by setting dhclient=YES in /etc/rc.conf. Other files in /etc that may require modification or setting up include /etc/mailer.conf, /etc/nsswitch.conf, and /etc/wscons.conf. 2. Logging in After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt. Unless you've set a password in sysinst, there is no initial password. You should create an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the ``root'' account with good passwords. By default, root login from the network is disabled (even via ssh(1)). One way to become root over the network is to log in as a different user that belongs to group ``wheel'' (see group(5)) and use su(1) to become root. 3. Adding accounts Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your system. Do not edit /etc/passwd directly! See vipw(8) and pwd_mkdb(8) if you want to edit the password database. 4. The X Window System If you installed the X Window System, you may want to read the chap- ter about X in the NetBSD Guide: http://netbsd.org/docs/guide/en/chap-x.html 5. Installing third party packages If you wish to install any of the software freely available for UNIX-like systems you are strongly advised to first check the NetBSD package system, pkgsrc. pkgsrc automatically handles any changes necessary to make the software run on NetBSD. This includes the retrieval and installation of any other packages on which the soft- ware may depend. o More information on the package system is available at http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/software/packages.html o A list of available packages suitable for browsing is at ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/pkgsrc/README.html o Precompiled binaries can be found at ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/ usually in the i386/5.1_STABLE/All subdir. You can install them with the following commands under sh(1): # PKG_PATH=ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/i386/5.1_STABLE/All # export PKG_PATH # pkg_add -v tcsh # pkg_add -v bash # pkg_add -v perl # pkg_add -v apache # pkg_add -v kde # pkg_add -v firefox ... If you are using csh(1) then replace the first two lines with the following: # setenv PKG_PATH ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/i386/5.1_STABLE/All Note: Some mirror sites don't mirror the /pub/pkgsrc directory. If you would like to use such mirrors, you could also try the /pub/NetBSD/packages/current-packages/NetBSD/i386/5.1_STABLE/All directory, which may have the same contents. The above commands will install the Tenex-csh and Bourne Again shells, the Perl programming language, Apache web server, KDE desktop environment and the Firefox web browser as well as all the packages they depend on. Note: In some cases the pkg_add(1) command will complain about a version mismatch of packages with a message like the following: Warning: package `foo' was built for a different version of the OS: NetBSD/i386 M.N (pkg) vs. NetBSD/i386 5.1_STABLE (this host), This warning is harmless if the formal major release num- bers are the same between the pkg and your host. Please refer to the NetBSD release glossary and graphs at http://www.NetBSD.org/releases/release-map.html for more information about NetBSD's release numbering scheme. o The framework for compiling packages can be obtained by retriev- ing the file ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/pkgsrc.tar.gz It is typically extracted into /usr/pkgsrc (though other loca- tions work fine) with the commands: # cd /usr # tar -zxpf pkgsrc.tar.gz After extracting, see the doc/pkgsrc.txt file in the extraction directory (e.g., /usr/pkgsrc/doc/pkgsrc.txt) for more informa- tion. 6. Misc o Edit /etc/mail/aliases to forward root mail to the right place. Don't forget to run newaliases(1) afterwards. o The /etc/postfix/main.cf file will almost definitely need to be adjusted. If you prefer a different MTA, then install it using pkgsrc or by hand and adjust /etc/mailer.conf. o Edit /etc/rc.local to run any local daemons you use. o Many of the /etc files are documented in section 5 of the man- ual; so just invoking # man 5 filename is likely to give you more information on these files. Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System The easiest way to upgrade to NetBSD 5.1_STABLE is with binaries, and that is the method documented here. To do the upgrade, you must have one form of boot media available. You must also have at least the base and kern binary distribution sets avail- able. Finally, you must have sufficient disk space available to install the new binaries. Since files already installed on the system are over- written in place, you only need additional free space for files which weren't previously installed or to account for growth of the sets between releases. If you have a few megabytes free on each of your root (/) and /usr partitions, you should have enough space. Since upgrading involves replacing the kernel, boot blocks, and most of the system binaries, it has the potential to cause data loss. You are strongly advised to back up any important data on the NetBSD partition or on another operating system's partition on your disk before beginning the upgrade process. The upgrade procedure is similar to an installation, but without the hard disk partitioning. sysinst will attempt to merge the settings stored in your /etc directory with the new version of NetBSD. Also, file systems are checked before unpacking the sets. Fetching the binary sets is done in the same manner as the installation procedure; refer to the installa- tion part of the document for help. After a new kernel has been copied to your hard disk, your machine is a complete NetBSD 5.1_STABLE system. However, that doesn't mean that you're finished with the upgrade process. You will probably want to update the set of device nodes you have in /dev. If you've changed the contents of /dev by hand, you will need to be careful about this, but if not, you can just cd into /dev, and run the command: # sh MAKEDEV all Finally, you will want to delete old binaries that were part of the ver- sion of NetBSD that you upgraded from and have since been removed from the NetBSD distribution. Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD 5.1_STABLE. If your port uses X.Org and you see messages from the X server indicating that no devices were found, you may need to run X -configure and update your existing xorg.conf to use the BusID line from the newly-generated config file. Dual-head support for PC systems has become broken for many configura- tions with the update to xorg-server 1.6.x, which has removed the user- land PCI configuration mechanism, and needs to rely upon the OS. We hope to correct this for future releases. Workaround: The only workaround is non-trivial and requires programming several PCI BAR registers as they previously were in NetBSD 5.0. If you are updating to NetBSD 5.1_STABLE without the aid of sysinst or postinstall and your port uses X.Org, be sure to remove /usr/X11R7/lib/X11/xkb/symbols/pc before extracting the xbase set. In the version of X.Org shipped with 5.0, this was a directory, but in more recent X.Org versions it is a file. On ports using X.Org, libpixman and libXfont had their major versions bumped. This can be a source of trouble if using binary packages built on 5.0.x with a clean install of 5.1_STABLE (upgrades from 5.0.x will include both old and new versions of libpixman and libXfont). Compati- bility packages have been prepared and are available from: ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/i386/5.0/emulators/compat50-5.1.tgz (or a convenient mirror). This URL can be passed directly to the pkg_add(1) command. pkg_install now depends on the pkgdb cache for automatic conflict detec- tion. It is recommended to rebuild the cache with # pkg_admin rebuild audit-packages.conf(5) has been superseded by pkg_install.conf(5). The default configuration is the same. Support for pkg_view(1) has been retired. The functionality of audit-packages(1) and download-vulnerability-list(1) has moved into pkg_admin(1). However, wrapper scripts that handle the common use cases are provided. Issues when running older binaries on NetBSD 5.1_STABLE The pthread libraries from previous versions of NetBSD require that the sysctl(3) node kern.no_sa_support be set to 0. This affects the follow- ing environments: o Running a 5.x kernel with an older userland. o Running an older userland inside a chroot'ed environment on a 5.x system. o Running older statically linked pthread applications. The 5.x kernel defaults to 0 for kern.no_sa_support, which covers the first case. However, please note that a full installation of 5.x (either from scratch or through an upgrade) will set kern.no_sa_support to 1 dur- ing the boot process. This means that for the last two cases, you will have to manually set kern.no_sa_support to 0, using either the sysctl(8) command or through sysctl.conf(5). Note that sysinst will automatically invoke postinstall fix and thus all issues that are fixed by postinstall by default (see below) will be handled. Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 3.x releases See the section below on upgrading from NetBSD 4.x as well. The following issues can generally be resolved by running postinstall with the etc set: postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz check postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix Issues fixed by postinstall: o Various files in /etc need upgrading. These include: - /etc/defaults/* - /etc/mtree/* - /etc/daily - /etc/weekly - /etc/monthly - /etc/security - /etc/rc.subr - /etc/rc - /etc/rc.shutdown - /etc/rc.d/* - /etc/envsys.conf The following issues need to be resolved manually: o The users `_proxy', `_rwhod', and `_sdpd' and the groups `_proxy', `_rwhod' and `_sdpd' need to be created and the user `uucp' needs to be updated. o A number of things were removed in the NetBSD 4.0 release, including: the evbsh5 port, the Fortran 77 compiler (g77), NETCCITT, NETNS, Sendmail, Sushi, UUCP, and Vinum. If you were using any of these, please see the "Components removed from NetBSD" at http://www.NetBSD.org/releases/formal-4/NetBSD-4.0.html#removals o The replacement of Sendmail by Postfix can be handled automati- cally by postinstall but it is not done by default. If you want to transition to Postfix, the command postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix mailerconf will update your /etc/mailer.conf file to use Postfix as the MTA. When using sysinst to upgrade the system, it will ask if you want this to be done. Note that if you have a customized Sendmail setup, you need to set up Postfix in an equivalent way; there is no tool for auto- matic conversion of Sendmail configuration to a Postfix one. Postfix will be started automatically when the system boots. You may see messages like "$sendmail is not set properly" at boot. You can suppress them by removing /etc/rc.d/sendmail and /etc/rc.d/smmsp. Those files and other parts of sendmail con- figuration like files under /usr/share/sendmail are not removed by default while upgrading for those who want to continue using sendmail from outside the base system. If you want to delete them, postinstall can be used: postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix sendmail Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 4.x releases The following issues can generally be resolved by running postinstall with the etc set: postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz check postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix Issues fixed by postinstall: o Various files in /etc need upgrading. These include: - /etc/defaults/* - /etc/mtree/* - /etc/daily - /etc/weekly - /etc/monthly - /etc/security - /etc/rc.subr - /etc/rc - /etc/rc.shutdown - /etc/rc.d/* - /etc/envsys.conf The following issues need to be resolved manually: o The users `_httpd' and `_timedc' and the groups `_httpd' and `_timedc' need to be created. o Unprivileged use of the mount(8) command now requires the nosuid and nodev options to be explicitly specified. Previ- ously, these options were automatically enforced even if they were not explicitly specified. o A number of things have been removed from the NetBSD 5.1_STABLE release. See the "Components removed from NetBSD" section near the beginning of this document for a list. Using online NetBSD documentation Documentation is available if you installed the manual distribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documentation) are denoted by `name(section)'. Some examples of this are o intro(1), o man(1), o apropos(1), o passwd(1), and o passwd(5). The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8. The man command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering man [section] topic. The brackets [] around the sec- tion should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after log- ging in, enter # man passwd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the documentation for passwd(5), enter # man 5 passwd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter # apropos subject-word where subject-word is your topic of interest; a list of possibly related man pages will be displayed. Administrivia If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at majordomo@NetBSD.org. To get help on using the mailing list server, send mail to that address with an empty body, and it will reply with instruc- tions. See http://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/ for a web interface. There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and ques- tions about this release. Please send comments to: netbsd-comments@NetBSD.org. To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports include lots of details. Bugs also can be submitted and queried with the web interface at http://www.NetBSD.org/support/send-pr.html There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit http://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/ If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port (listed below). If you'd like to help with this effort, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: netbsd-users@NetBSD.org. As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appropriate list about it, or, if you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it. Thanks go to o The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group, includ- ing (but not limited to): Keith Bostic Ralph Campbell Mike Karels Marshall Kirk McKusick for their work on BSD systems, support, and encouragement. o The Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD FTP, CVS, AnonCVS, mail, mail archive, GNATS, SUP, Rsync and WWW servers. o The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the server which runs the CVSweb interface to the NetBSD source tree. o The Lulea Academic Computer Society for providing the backup services server. o The Columbia University Computer Science Department for hosting the NYC build cluster. o The Western Washington University Computer Science Department for running the WWU build cluster. o The many organizations that provide NetBSD mirror sites. o Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool. o We list the individuals and organizations that have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to support NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it at http://www.NetBSD.org/donations/ (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to verify that you wanted to be listed.) o Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in January, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would like to be mentioned, tell us!) We are... (in alphabetical order) The NetBSD core group: Alistair Crooks agc@NetBSD.org Quentin Garnier cube@NetBSD.org Matt Thomas matt@NetBSD.org YAMAMOTO Takashi yamt@NetBSD.org Christos Zoulas christos@NetBSD.org The portmasters (and their ports): Erik Berls cyber@NetBSD.org cobalt Manuel Bouyer bouyer@NetBSD.org xen Simon Burge simonb@NetBSD.org evbmips Simon Burge simonb@NetBSD.org pmax Simon Burge simonb@NetBSD.org sbmips Julian Coleman jdc@NetBSD.org atari Marcus Comstedt marcus@NetBSD.org dreamcast Andrew Doran ad@NetBSD.org amd64 Andrew Doran ad@NetBSD.org i386 Matthias Drochner drochner@NetBSD.org cesfic Gavan Fantom gavan@NetBSD.org iyonix Jaime A Fournier ober@NetBSD.org zaurus Matt Fredette fredette@NetBSD.org sun2 Ichiro FUKUHARA ichiro@NetBSD.org hpcarm Chris Gilbert chris@NetBSD.org cats Ben Harris bjh21@NetBSD.org acorn26 Ross Harvey ross@NetBSD.org alpha Nick Hudson skrll@NetBSD.org hp700 Martin Husemann martin@NetBSD.org sparc64 IWAMOTO Toshihiro toshii@NetBSD.org hpcarm Darrin Jewell dbj@NetBSD.org next68k Soren Jorvang soren@NetBSD.org sgimips Wayne Knowles wdk@NetBSD.org mipsco Takayoshi Kochi kochi@NetBSD.org ia64 Paul Kranenburg pk@NetBSD.org sparc Michael Lorenz macallan@NetBSD.org macppc Anders Magnusson ragge@NetBSD.org vax Cherry G. Mathew cherry@NetBSD.org ia64 NISHIMURA Takeshi nsmrtks@NetBSD.org x68k Tohru Nishimura nisimura@NetBSD.org luna68k Tohru Nishimura nisimura@NetBSD.org sandpoint Andrey Petrov petrov@NetBSD.org sparc64 Scott Reynolds scottr@NetBSD.org mac68k Tim Rightnour garbled@NetBSD.org ofppc Tim Rightnour garbled@NetBSD.org prep Tim Rightnour garbled@NetBSD.org rs6000 Noriyuki Soda soda@NetBSD.org arc Ignatios Souvatzis is@NetBSD.org amiga Jonathan Stone jonathan@NetBSD.org pmax Shin Takemura takemura@NetBSD.org hpcmips Matt Thomas matt@NetBSD.org alpha Matt Thomas matt@NetBSD.org netwinder Jason Thorpe thorpej@NetBSD.org algor Jason Thorpe thorpej@NetBSD.org evbarm Jason Thorpe thorpej@NetBSD.org shark Izumi Tsutsui tsutsui@NetBSD.org ews4800mips Izumi Tsutsui tsutsui@NetBSD.org hp300 Izumi Tsutsui tsutsui@NetBSD.org news68k Valeriy E. Ushakov uwe@NetBSD.org landisk Nathan Williams nathanw@NetBSD.org sun3 Steve Woodford scw@NetBSD.org evbppc Steve Woodford scw@NetBSD.org mvme68k Steve Woodford scw@NetBSD.org mvmeppc Reinoud Zandijk reinoud@NetBSD.org acorn32 The NetBSD 5.1_STABLE Release Engineering team: Manuel Bouyer bouyer@NetBSD.org David Brownlee abs@NetBSD.org James Chacon jmc@NetBSD.org Julian Coleman jdc@NetBSD.org Havard Eidnes he@NetBSD.org Liam J. Foy liamjfoy@NetBSD.org John Heasley heas@NetBSD.org Geert Hendrickx ghen@NetBSD.org Soren Jacobsen snj@NetBSD.org Phil Nelson phil@NetBSD.org Jeff Rizzo riz@NetBSD.org Stephen Borrill sborrill@NetBSD.org NetBSD Developers: Nathan Ahlstrom nra@NetBSD.org Steve Allen wormey@NetBSD.org Jukka Andberg jandberg@NetBSD.org Julian Assange proff@NetBSD.org Lennart Augustsson augustss@NetBSD.org Christoph Badura bad@NetBSD.org Bang Jun-Young junyoung@NetBSD.org Dieter Baron dillo@NetBSD.org Robert V. Baron rvb@NetBSD.org Alan Barrett apb@NetBSD.org Grant Beattie grant@NetBSD.org Jason Beegan jtb@NetBSD.org Erik Berls cyber@NetBSD.org Hiroyuki Bessho bsh@NetBSD.org John Birrell jb@NetBSD.org Mason Loring Bliss mason@NetBSD.org Charles Blundell cb@NetBSD.org Rafal Boni rafal@NetBSD.org Stephen Borrill sborrill@NetBSD.org Sean Boudreau seanb@NetBSD.org Manuel Bouyer bouyer@NetBSD.org John Brezak brezak@NetBSD.org Allen Briggs briggs@NetBSD.org Mark Brinicombe mark@NetBSD.org Aaron Brown abrown@NetBSD.org Andrew Brown atatat@NetBSD.org David Brownlee abs@NetBSD.org Frederick Bruckman fredb@NetBSD.org Jon Buller jonb@NetBSD.org Simon Burge simonb@NetBSD.org Robert Byrnes byrnes@NetBSD.org Pavel Cahyna pavel@NetBSD.org D'Arcy J.M. Cain darcy@NetBSD.org Daniel Carosone dan@NetBSD.org Dave Carrel carrel@NetBSD.org James Chacon jmc@NetBSD.org Mihai Chelaru kefren@NetBSD.org Bill Coldwell billc@NetBSD.org Julian Coleman jdc@NetBSD.org Ben Collver ben@NetBSD.org Marcus Comstedt marcus@NetBSD.org Jeremy Cooper jeremy@NetBSD.org Chuck Cranor chuck@NetBSD.org Alistair Crooks agc@NetBSD.org Aidan Cully aidan@NetBSD.org Garrett D'Amore gdamore@NetBSD.org Johan Danielsson joda@NetBSD.org John Darrow jdarrow@NetBSD.org Jed Davis jld@NetBSD.org Matt DeBergalis deberg@NetBSD.org Arnaud Degroote degroote@NetBSD.org Rob Deker deker@NetBSD.org Chris G. Demetriou cgd@NetBSD.org Tracy Di Marco White gendalia@NetBSD.org Jaromir Dolecek jdolecek@NetBSD.org Andy Doran ad@NetBSD.org Roland Dowdeswell elric@NetBSD.org Emmanuel Dreyfus manu@NetBSD.org Matthias Drochner drochner@NetBSD.org Jun Ebihara jun@NetBSD.org Havard Eidnes he@NetBSD.org Jaime A Fournier ober@NetBSD.org Stoned Elipot seb@NetBSD.org Michael van Elst mlelstv@NetBSD.org Enami Tsugutomo enami@NetBSD.org Bernd Ernesti veego@NetBSD.org Erik Fair fair@NetBSD.org Gavan Fantom gavan@NetBSD.org Hauke Fath hauke@NetBSD.org Hubert Feyrer hubertf@NetBSD.org Jason R. Fink jrf@NetBSD.org Matt J. Fleming mjf@NetBSD.org Marty Fouts marty@NetBSD.org Liam J. Foy liamjfoy@NetBSD.org Matt Fredette fredette@NetBSD.org Thorsten Frueauf frueauf@NetBSD.org Castor Fu castor@NetBSD.org Ichiro Fukuhara ichiro@NetBSD.org Quentin Garnier cube@NetBSD.org Thomas Gerner thomas@NetBSD.org Simon J. Gerraty sjg@NetBSD.org Justin Gibbs gibbs@NetBSD.org Chris Gilbert chris@NetBSD.org Eric Gillespie epg@NetBSD.org Brian Ginsbach ginsbach@NetBSD.org Paul Goyette pgoyette@NetBSD.org Michael Graff explorer@NetBSD.org Brian C. Grayson bgrayson@NetBSD.org Matthew Green mrg@NetBSD.org Andreas Gustafsson gson@NetBSD.org Ulrich Habel rhaen@NetBSD.org Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino itojun@NetBSD.org HAMAJIMA Katsuomi hamajima@NetBSD.org Adam Hamsik haad@NetBSD.org Juergen Hannken-Illjes hannken@NetBSD.org Charles M. Hannum mycroft@NetBSD.org Ben Harris bjh21@NetBSD.org Ross Harvey ross@NetBSD.org Eric Haszlakiewicz erh@NetBSD.org John Hawkinson jhawk@NetBSD.org HAYAKAWA Koichi haya@NetBSD.org John Heasley heas@NetBSD.org Geert Hendrickx ghen@NetBSD.org Rene Hexel rh@NetBSD.org Iain Hibbert plunky@NetBSD.org Kouichirou Hiratsuka hira@NetBSD.org Michael L. Hitch mhitch@NetBSD.org Adam Hoka ahoka@NetBSD.org Jachym Holecek freza@NetBSD.org David A. Holland dholland@NetBSD.org Christian E. Hopps chopps@NetBSD.org Ken Hornstein kenh@NetBSD.org Marc Horowitz marc@NetBSD.org Eduardo Horvath eeh@NetBSD.org Nick Hudson skrll@NetBSD.org Shell Hung shell@NetBSD.org Martin Husemann martin@NetBSD.org Dean Huxley dean@NetBSD.org Love Hornquist Astrand lha@NetBSD.org Roland Illig rillig@NetBSD.org Bernardo Innocenti bernie@NetBSD.org Tetsuya Isaki isaki@NetBSD.org ITOH Yasufumi itohy@NetBSD.org IWAMOTO Toshihiro toshii@NetBSD.org Matthew Jacob mjacob@NetBSD.org Soren Jacobsen snj@NetBSD.org Lonhyn T. Jasinskyj lonhyn@NetBSD.org Darrin Jewell dbj@NetBSD.org Nicolas Joly njoly@NetBSD.org Chris Jones cjones@NetBSD.org Soren Jorvang soren@NetBSD.org Takahiro Kambe taca@NetBSD.org Masanori Kanaoka kanaoka@NetBSD.org Antti Kantee pooka@NetBSD.org Frank Kardel kardel@NetBSD.org Mattias Karlsson keihan@NetBSD.org KAWAMOTO Yosihisa kawamoto@NetBSD.org Mario Kemper magick@NetBSD.org Min Sik Kim minskim@NetBSD.org Thomas Klausner wiz@NetBSD.org Klaus Klein kleink@NetBSD.org John Klos jklos@NetBSD.org Wayne Knowles wdk@NetBSD.org Takayoshi Kochi kochi@NetBSD.org John Kohl jtk@NetBSD.org Daniel de Kok daniel@NetBSD.org Jonathan A. Kollasch jakllsch@NetBSD.org Paul Kranenburg pk@NetBSD.org Lubomir Kundrak lkundrak@NetBSD.org Jochen Kunz jkunz@NetBSD.org Martti Kuparinen martti@NetBSD.org Kentaro A. Kurahone kurahone@NetBSD.org Arnaud Lacombe alc@NetBSD.org Kevin Lahey kml@NetBSD.org David Laight dsl@NetBSD.org Johnny C. Lam jlam@NetBSD.org Martin J. Laubach mjl@NetBSD.org Greg Lehey grog@NetBSD.org Ted Lemon mellon@NetBSD.org Christian Limpach cl@NetBSD.org Frank van der Linden fvdl@NetBSD.org Joel Lindholm joel@NetBSD.org Tonnerre Lombard tonnerre@NetBSD.org Mike Long mikel@NetBSD.org Michael Lorenz macallan@NetBSD.org Warner Losh imp@NetBSD.org Tomasz Luchowski zuntum@NetBSD.org Federico Lupi federico@NetBSD.org Brett Lymn blymn@NetBSD.org Paul Mackerras paulus@NetBSD.org MAEKAWA Masahide gehenna@NetBSD.org Anders Magnusson ragge@NetBSD.org Cherry G. Mathew cherry@NetBSD.org David Maxwell david@NetBSD.org Gregory McGarry gmcgarry@NetBSD.org Dan McMahill dmcmahill@NetBSD.org Jared D. McNeill jmcneill@NetBSD.org Neil J. McRae neil@NetBSD.org Julio M. Merino Vidal jmmv@NetBSD.org Perry Metzger perry@NetBSD.org Luke Mewburn lukem@NetBSD.org Jean-Yves Migeon jym@NetBSD.org Brook Milligan brook@NetBSD.org Minoura Makoto minoura@NetBSD.org Simas Mockevicius symka@NetBSD.org der Mouse mouse@NetBSD.org Joseph Myers jsm@NetBSD.org Ken Nakata kenn@NetBSD.org Takeshi Nakayama nakayama@NetBSD.org Phil Nelson phil@NetBSD.org John Nemeth jnemeth@NetBSD.org Bob Nestor rnestor@NetBSD.org NISHIMURA Takeshi nsmrtks@NetBSD.org Tohru Nishimura nisimura@NetBSD.org NONAKA Kimihiro nonaka@NetBSD.org Takehiko NOZAKI tnozaki@NetBSD.org Tobias Nygren tnn@NetBSD.org OBATA Akio obache@NetBSD.org Jesse Off joff@NetBSD.org Tatoku Ogaito tacha@NetBSD.org OKANO Takayoshi kano@NetBSD.org Masaru Oki oki@NetBSD.org Atsushi Onoe onoe@NetBSD.org Greg Oster oster@NetBSD.org Rui Paulo rpaulo@NetBSD.org Jonathan Perkin sketch@NetBSD.org Andrey Petrov petrov@NetBSD.org Herb Peyerl hpeyerl@NetBSD.org Matthias Pfaller matthias@NetBSD.org Chris Pinnock cjep@NetBSD.org Adrian Portelli adrianp@NetBSD.org Peter Postma peter@NetBSD.org Dante Profeta dante@NetBSD.org Chris Provenzano proven@NetBSD.org Niels Provos provos@NetBSD.org Mindaugas Rasiukevicius rmind@NetBSD.org Michael Rauch mrauch@NetBSD.org Marc Recht recht@NetBSD.org Darren Reed darrenr@NetBSD.org Jeremy C. Reed reed@NetBSD.org Antoine Reilles tonio@NetBSD.org Tyler R. Retzlaff rtr@NetBSD.org Scott Reynolds scottr@NetBSD.org Michael Richardson mcr@NetBSD.org Tim Rightnour garbled@NetBSD.org Alan Ritter rittera@NetBSD.org Jeff Rizzo riz@NetBSD.org Hans Rosenfeld hans@NetBSD.org Gordon Ross gwr@NetBSD.org Steve Rumble rumble@NetBSD.org Ilpo Ruotsalainen lonewolf@NetBSD.org Heiko W. Rupp hwr@NetBSD.org Blair J. Sadewitz bjs@NetBSD.org David Sainty dsainty@NetBSD.org SAITOH Masanobu msaitoh@NetBSD.org Kazuki Sakamoto sakamoto@NetBSD.org Curt Sampson cjs@NetBSD.org Wilfredo Sanchez wsanchez@NetBSD.org Ty Sarna tsarna@NetBSD.org SATO Kazumi sato@NetBSD.org Jan Schaumann jschauma@NetBSD.org Matthias Scheler tron@NetBSD.org Silke Scheler silke@NetBSD.org Karl Schilke (rAT) rat@NetBSD.org Amitai Schlair schmonz@NetBSD.org Konrad Schroder perseant@NetBSD.org Georg Schwarz schwarz@NetBSD.org Lubomir Sedlacik salo@NetBSD.org Christopher SEKIYA sekiya@NetBSD.org Reed Shadgett dent@NetBSD.org John Shannon shannonjr@NetBSD.org Tim Shepard shep@NetBSD.org Takeshi Shibagaki shiba@NetBSD.org Naoto Shimazaki igy@NetBSD.org Takao Shinohara shin@NetBSD.org Takuya SHIOZAKI tshiozak@NetBSD.org Daniel Sieger dsieger@NetBSD.org Chuck Silvers chs@NetBSD.org Thor Lancelot Simon tls@NetBSD.org Jeff Smith jeffs@NetBSD.org Noriyuki Soda soda@NetBSD.org Wolfgang Solfrank ws@NetBSD.org SOMEYA Yoshihiko someya@NetBSD.org Bill Sommerfeld sommerfeld@NetBSD.org Jorg Sonnenberger joerg@NetBSD.org Ignatios Souvatzis is@NetBSD.org T K Spindler dogcow@NetBSD.org Bill Squier groo@NetBSD.org Jonathan Stone jonathan@NetBSD.org Bill Studenmund wrstuden@NetBSD.org Kevin Sullivan sullivan@NetBSD.org SUNAGAWA Keiki kei@NetBSD.org Kimmo Suominen kim@NetBSD.org Robert Swindells rjs@NetBSD.org Shin Takemura takemura@NetBSD.org TAMURA Kent kent@NetBSD.org Shin'ichiro TAYA taya@NetBSD.org Ian Lance Taylor ian@NetBSD.org Matt Thomas matt@NetBSD.org Jason Thorpe thorpej@NetBSD.org Christoph Toshok toshok@NetBSD.org Greg Troxel gdt@NetBSD.org Tsubai Masanari tsubai@NetBSD.org Izumi Tsutsui tsutsui@NetBSD.org UCHIYAMA Yasushi uch@NetBSD.org Masao Uebayashi uebayasi@NetBSD.org Shuichiro URATA ur@NetBSD.org Valeriy E. Ushakov uwe@NetBSD.org Todd Vierling tv@NetBSD.org Aymeric Vincent aymeric@NetBSD.org Paul Vixie vixie@NetBSD.org Mike M. Volokhov mishka@NetBSD.org Krister Walfridsson kristerw@NetBSD.org Lex Wennmacher wennmach@NetBSD.org Leo Weppelman leo@NetBSD.org Assar Westerlund assar@NetBSD.org Todd Whitesel toddpw@NetBSD.org Frank Wille phx@NetBSD.org Nathan Williams nathanw@NetBSD.org Rob Windsor windsor@NetBSD.org Dan Winship danw@NetBSD.org Jim Wise jwise@NetBSD.org Michael Wolfson mbw@NetBSD.org Colin Wood ender@NetBSD.org Steve Woodford scw@NetBSD.org YAMAMOTO Takashi yamt@NetBSD.org Yuji Yamano yyamano@NetBSD.org David Young dyoung@NetBSD.org Reinoud Zandijk reinoud@NetBSD.org S.P.Zeidler spz@NetBSD.org Maria Zevenhoven maria7@NetBSD.org Christos Zoulas christos@NetBSD.org Other contributors: Dave Burgess burgess@cynjut.infonet.net Brian R. Gaeke brg@dgate.org Brad Grantham grantham@tenon.com Lawrence Kesteloot kesteloo@cs.unc.edu Waldi Ravens waldi@moacs.indiv.nl.net Legal Mumbo-Jumbo All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or registered trade- marks of their respective owners. The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of the software that we have mentioned in this document: NetBSD is a registered trademark of The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foundation. This product includes software developed by The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. and its contributors. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project. See http://www.netbsd.org/ for information about NetBSD. This product contains software developed by Ignatios Souvatzis for the NetBSD project. This product contains software written by Ignatios Souvatzis and Michael L. 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This product includes software developed by Hubert Feyrer for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Ian F. Darwin and others. This product includes software developed by Ian W. Dall. This product includes software developed by Ichiro FUKUHARA. This product includes software developed by Ignatios Souvatzis for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Internet Initiative Japan Inc. This product includes software developed by James R. Maynard III. This product includes software developed by Jared D. McNeill. This product includes software developed by Jason L. Wright This product includes software developed by Jason R. Thorpe for And Com- munications, http://www.and.com/ This product includes software developed by Jeremy C. Reed for the NetBSD project. This product includes software developed by Joachim Koenig-Baltes. This product includes software developed by Jochen Pohl for The NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Joerg Wunsch This product includes software developed by John Birrell. This product includes software developed by John P. Wittkoski. This product includes software developed by John Polstra. This product includes software developed by Jonathan R. Stone for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone and Jason R. Thorpe for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone. This product includes software developed by Jukka Marin. This product includes software developed by Julian Highfield. This product includes software developed by Kazuhisa Shimizu. This product includes software developed by Kazuki Sakamoto. This product includes software developed by Kenneth Stailey. This product includes software developed by Kiyoshi Ikehara. This product includes software developed by Klaus Burkert,by Bernd Ernesti, by Michael van Elst, and by the University of California, Berke- ley and its contributors. This product includes software developed by LAN Media Corporation and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Leo Weppelman for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Leo Weppelman. This product includes software developed by Lloyd Parkes. This product includes software developed by Lutz Vieweg. This product includes software developed by MINOURA Makoto, Takuya Harakawa. This product includes software developed by Manuel Bouyer. This product includes software developed by Marc Horowitz. This product includes software developed by Marcus Comstedt. This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe for the NetBSD project. This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe. This product includes software developed by Mark Tinguely and Jim Lowe This product includes software developed by Markus Wild. This product includes software developed by Masanobu Saitoh. This product includes software developed by Masaru Oki. This product includes software developed by Mats O Jansson and Charles D. Cranor. This product includes software developed by Mats O Jansson. This product includes software developed by Matt DeBergalis This product includes software developed by Matthew Fredette. This product includes software developed by Matthias Pfaller. This product includes software developed by Michael Graff for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Michael Graff. This product includes software developed by Michael L. Hitch. This product includes software developed by Michael Shalayeff. This product includes software developed by Michael Smith. This product includes software developed by Mike Pritchard. This product includes software developed by Mike Pritchard and contribu- tors. This product includes software developed by Minoura Makoto. This product includes software developed by Niels Provos. This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist, Brandon Creighton and Job de Haas. This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist. This product includes software developed by Onno van der Linden. This product includes software developed by Paul Kranenburg. This product includes software developed by Paul Mackerras. This product includes software developed by Per Fogelstrom This product includes software developed by Peter Galbavy. This product includes software developed by Phase One, Inc. This product includes software developed by Philip A. Nelson. This product includes software developed by RiscBSD. This product includes software developed by Roar Thronaes. This product includes software developed by Rodney W. Grimes. This product includes software developed by Roger Hardiman This product includes software developed by Roland C. Dowdeswell. This product includes software developed by Rolf Grossmann. This product includes software developed by Ross Harvey for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Ross Harvey. This product includes software developed by Scott Bartram. This product includes software developed by Scott Stevens. This product includes software developed by Shingo WATANABE. This product includes software developed by Softweyr LLC, the University of California, Berkeley, and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Soren S. Jorvang. This product includes software developed by Stephan Thesing. This product includes software developed by Steve Woodford. This product includes software developed by Steven M. Bellovin. This product includes software developed by Takashi Hamada. This product includes software developed by Takumi Nakamura. This product includes software developed by Tatoku Ogaito for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Terrence R. Lambert. This product includes software developed by Tetsuya Isaki. This product includes software developed by Thomas Gerner This product includes software developed by Tobias Weingartner. This product includes software developed by Todd C. Miller. This product includes software developed by Tohru Nishimura and Reinoud Zandijk for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Tohru Nishimura for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Tohru Nishimura. for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by TooLs GmbH. This product includes software developed by Trimble Navigation, Ltd. This product includes software developed by WIDE Project and its contrib- utors. This product includes software developed by Waldi Ravens. This product includes software developed by Wasabi Systems for Zembu Labs, Inc. http://www.zembu.com/ This product includes software developed by Winning Strategies, Inc. This product includes software developed by Wolfgang Solfrank. This product includes software developed by Yasushi Yamasaki. This product includes software developed by Yen Yen Lim and North Dakota State University. This product includes software developed by Zembu Labs, Inc. This product includes software developed by the Alice Group. This product includes software developed by the Center for Software Sci- ence at the University of Utah. This product includes software developed by the Charles D. Cranor, Wash- ington University, University of California, Berkeley and its contribu- tors. This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems Engi- neering Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the David Muir Sharnoff. This product includes software developed by the Harvard University and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the Network Research Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (http://www.OpenSSL.org/) This product includes software developed by the PocketBSD project and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD kernel team This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD team. This product includes software developed by the SMCC Technology Develop- ment Group at Sun Microsystems, Inc. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors, as well as the Trustees of Columbia Uni- versity. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the University of Illinois at Urbana and their contributors. This product includes software developed by the Urbana-Champaign Indepen- dent Media Center. This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman. This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Labora- tory, and its contributors. This product includes software developed for the FreeBSD project This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Bernd Ernesti. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Christopher G. Demetriou. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Chris- tos Zoulas This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Emmanuel Dreyfus. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Frank van der Linden This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Igna- tios Souvatzis. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jason R. Thorpe. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by John M. Vinopal. This product includes software developed by Kyma Systems. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Kyma Systems LLC. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthias Drochner. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Michael L. Hitch. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Perry E. Metzger. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Scott Bartram and Frank van der Linden This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Alle- gro Networks, Inc., and Wasabi Systems, Inc. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Genetec Corporation. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jonathan Stone. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Pier- mont Information Systems Inc. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by SUNET, Swedish University Computer Network. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Shigeyuki Fukushima. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Wasabi Systems, Inc. This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom Opsycon AB for RTMX Inc, North Carolina, USA. This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom. This software is a component of "386BSD" developed by William F. Jolitz, TeleMuse. This software was developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems. "Similar operating systems" includes mainly non-profit oriented systems for research and education, including but not restricted to "NetBSD", "FreeBSD", "Mach" (by CMU). This software includes software developed by the Computer Systems Labora- tory at the University of Utah. This product includes software developed by Computing Services at Carnegie Mellon University (http://www.cmu.edu/computing/). This product includes software developed by Marshall M. Midden. This product includes software developed or owned by Caldera Interna- tional, Inc. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and The Open Group, have given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation. In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions of the system documentation. Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form in NetBSD, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html. This notice shall appear on any product containing this material In the following statement, "This software" refers to the Mitsumi CD-ROM driver: This software was developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems. "Similar operating systems" includes mainly non-profit oriented systems for research and education, including but not restricted to "NetBSD" , "FreeBSD" , "Mach" (by CMU). In the following statement, "This software" refers to the parallel port driver: This software is a component of "386BSD" developed by William F. Jolitz, TeleMuse. The End NetBSD April 24, 2010 NetBSD