NAME

groff_out - groff intermediate output format

DESCRIPTION

This manual page describes the intermediate output format of the GNU roff(7) text processing system groff(1) This output is produced by a run of the GNU troff(1) program. It contains already all device-specific information, but it is not yet fed into a device postprocessor program.

As the GNU roff processor groff(1) is a wrapper program around troff that automatically calls a postprocessor, this output does not show up normally. This is why it is called intermediate within the groff system. The groff program provides the option -Z to inhibit postprocessing, such that the produced intermediate output is sent to standard output just like calling troff manually.

In this document, the term troff output describes what is output by the GNU troff program, while intermediate output refers to the language that is accepted by the parser that prepares this output for the postprocessors. This parser is smarter on whitespace and implements obsolete elements for compatibility, otherwise both formats are the same. Both formats can be viewed directly with gxditview(1)

The main purpose of the intermediate output concept is to facilitate the development of postprocessors by providing a common programming interface for all devices. It has a language of its own that is completely different from the groff(7) language. While the groff language is a high-level programming language for text processing, the intermediate output language is a kind of low-level assembler language by specifying all positions on the page for writing and drawing.

The roff versions are denoted as classical troff. The intermediate output produced by groff is fairly readable, while classical troff output was hard to understand because of strange habits that are still supported, but not used any longer by GNU troff.

LANGUAGE CONCEPTS

During the run of troff, the roff input is cracked down to the information on what has to be printed at what position on the intended device. So the language of the intermediate output format can be quite small. Its only elements are commands with or without arguments. In this document, the term "command" always refers to the intermediate output language, never to the roff language used for document formatting. There are commands for positioning and text writing, for drawing, and for device controlling.

Separation

Classical troff output had strange requirements on whitespace. The groff output parser, however, is smart about whitespace by making it maximally optional. The whitespace characters, i.e., the tab, space, and newline characters, always have a syntactical meaning. They are never printable because spacing within the output is always done by positioning commands.

Any sequence of space or tab characters is treated as a single syntactical space. It separates commands and arguments, but is only required when there would occur a clashing between the command code and the arguments without the space. Most often, this happens when variable length command names, arguments, argument lists, or command clusters meet. Commands and arguments with a known, fixed length need not be separated by syntactical space.

A line break is a syntactical element, too. Every command argument can be followed by whitespace, a comment, or a newline character. Thus a syntactical line break is defined to consist of optional syntactical space that is optionally followed by a comment, and a newline character.

The normal commands, those for positioning and text, consist of a single letter taking a fixed number of arguments. For historical reasons, the parser allows to stack such commands on the same line, but fortunately, in groff intermediate output, every command with at least one argument is followed by a line break, thus providing excellent readability.

The other commands -- those for drawing and device controlling -- have a more complicated structure; some recognize long command names, and some take a variable number of arguments. So all D and x commands were designed to request a syntactical line break after their last argument. Only one command, has an argument that can stretch over several lines, all other commands must have all of their arguments on the same line as the command, i.e., the arguments may not be splitted by a line break.

Empty lines, i.e., lines containing only space and/or a comment, can occur everywhere. They are just ignored.

Argument Units

Some commands take integer arguments that are assumed to represent values in a measurement unit, but the letter for the corresponding scale indicator is not written with the output command arguments; see groff(7) and the groff info file for more on this topic. Most commands assume the scale indicator u, the basic unit of the device, some use z, the scaled point unit of the device, while others, such as the color commands expect plain integers. Note that these scale indicators are relative to the chosen device. They are defined by the parameters specified in the device's DESC file; see groff_font(5)

Note that single characters can have the eighth bit set, as can the names of fonts and special characters. The names of characters and fonts can be of arbitrary length. A character that is to be printed will always be in the current font.

A string argument is always terminated by the next whitespace character (space, tab, or newline); an embedded # character is regarded as part of the argument, not as the beginning of a comment command. An integer argument is already terminated by the next non-digit character, which then is regarded as the first character of the next argument or command.

Document Parts

A correct intermediate output document consists of two parts, the prologue and the body.

The task of the prologue is to set the general device parameters using three exactly specified commands. The groff prologue is guaranteed to consist of the following three lines (in that order):

x T device
x res n h v
x init

with the arguments set as outlined in the section Device Control Commands. But the parser for the intermediate output format is able to swallow additional whitespace and comments as well.

The body is the main section for processing the document data. Syntactically, it is a sequence of any commands different from the ones used in the prologue. Processing is terminated as soon as the first x stop command is encountered; the last line of any groff intermediate output always contains such a command.

Semantically, the body is page oriented. A new page is started by a p command. Positioning, writing, and drawing commands are always done within the current page, so they cannot occur before the first p command. Absolute positioning (by the H and V commands) is done relative to the current page, all other positioning is done relative to the current location within this page.

COMMAND REFERENCE

This section describes all intermediate output commands, the classical commands as well as the groff extensions.

Comment Command

#anything
A comment. Ignore any characters from the # character up to the next newline character.

This command is the only possibility for commenting in the intermediate output. Each comment can be preceded by arbitrary syntactical space; every command can be terminated by a comment.

Simple Commands

The commands in this subsection have a command code consisting of a single character, taking a fixed number of arguments. Most of them are commands for positioning and text writing. These commands are smart about whitespace. Optionally, syntactical space can be inserted before, after, and between the command letter and its arguments. All of these commands are stackable, i.e., they can be preceded by other simple commands or followed by arbitrary other commands on the same line. A separating syntactical space is only necessary when two integer arguments would clash or if the preceding argument ends with a string argument.
CC _x_x_x Print a special groff character named
xxx. The trailing syntactical space or line break is necessary to allow character names of arbitrary length. The character is printed at the current print position; the character's size is read from the font file. The print position is not changed.
cc _c Print character
c at the current print position; the character's size is read from the font file. The print position is not changed.
ff _n Set font to font number
n (a non-negative integer).
HH _n Move right to the absolute vertical position
n (a non-negative integer in basic units u) relative to left edge of current page.
hh _n Move
n (a non-negative integer) basic units u horizontally to the right. [CSTR #54] allows negative values for n also, but groff doesn't use this.
mm _c_o_l_o_r___s_c_h_e_m_e [_c_o_m_p_o_n_e_n_t _._._.] Set the color for text (glyphs), line drawing, and the outline of
graphic objects using different color schemes; the analoguous command for the filling color of graphic objects is DF. The color components are specified as integer arguments between 0 and 65536. The number of color components and their meaning vary for the different color schemes. These commands are generated by the groff escape sequence \m. No position changing. These commands are a groff extension.
mmcc _c_y_a_n _m_a_g_e_n_t_a _y_e_l_l_o_w Set color using the CMY color scheme, having the 3 color components
cyan, magenta, and yellow.
mmdd Set color to the default color value
(black in most cases). No component arguments.
mmgg _g_r_a_y Set color to the shade of gray given by the argument, an integer
between 0 (black) and 65536 (white).
mmkk _c_y_a_n _m_a_g_e_n_t_a _y_e_l_l_o_w _b_l_a_c_k Set color using the CMYK color scheme, having the 4 color components
cyan, magenta, yellow, and black.
mmrr _r_e_d _g_r_e_e_n _b_l_u_e Set color using the RGB color scheme, having the 3 color components
red, green, and blue.
NN _n Print character with index
n (an integer, normally non-negative) of the current font. The print position is not changed. If -T html is used, negative values are emitted also to indicate an unbreakable space with given width. For example, N -193 represents an unbreakable space which has a width of 193u. This command is a groff extension.
nn _b _a Inform the device about a line break, but no positioning is done by
this command. In classical troff, the integer arguments b and a informed about the space before and after the current line to make the intermediate output more human readable without performing any action. In groff, they are just ignored, but they must be provided for compatibility reasons.
pp _n Begin a new page in the outprint.
The page number is set to n. This page is completely independent of pages formerly processed even if those have the same page number. The vertical position on the outprint is automatically set to 0. All positioning, writing, and drawing is always done relative to a page, so a p command must be issued before any of these commands.
ss _n Set point size to
n scaled points (this is unit z in GNU troff). Classical troff used the unit points (p) instead; see section COMPATIBILITY.
tt _x_x_x
tt _x_x_x _d_u_m_m_y___a_r_g
Print a word, i.e., a sequence of characters xxx terminated by a space character or a line break; an optional second integer argument is ignored (this allows the formatter to generate an even number of arguments). The first character should be printed at the current position, the current horizontal position should then be increased by the width of the first character, and so on for each character. The widths of the characters are read from the font file, scaled for the current point size, and rounded to a multiple of the horizontal resolution. Special characters cannot be printed using this command (use the C command for named characters). This command is a groff extension; it is only used for devices whose DESC file contains the tcommand keyword; see groff_font(5)
uu _n _x_x_x Print word with track kerning.
This is the same as the t command except that after printing each character, the current horizontal position is increased by the sum of the width of that character and n (an integer in basic units u). This command is a groff extension; it is only used for devices whose DESC file contains the tcommand keyword; see groff_font(5)
VV _n Move down to the absolute vertical position
n (a non-negative integer in basic units u) relative to upper edge of current page.
vv _n Move
n basic units u down is a non-negative integer). [CSTR #54] allows negative values for n also, but groff doesn't use this.
ww Informs about a paddable whitespace to increase readability.
The spacing itself must be performed explicitly by a move command.

Graphics Commands

Each graphics or drawing command in the intermediate output starts with the letter D followed by one or two characters that specify a subcommand; this is followed by a fixed or variable number of integer arguments that are separated by a single space character. A D command may not be followed by another command on the same line (apart from a comment), so each D command is terminated by a syntactical line break.

troff output follows the classical spacing rules (no space between command and subcommand, all arguments are preceded by a single space character), but the parser allows optional space between the command letters and makes the space before the first argument optional. As usual, each space can be any sequence of tab and space characters.

Some graphics commands can take a variable number of arguments. In this case, they are integers representing a size measured in basic units u. The arguments called h1, h2, ..., hn stand for horizontal distances where positive means right, negative left. The arguments called v1, v2, ..., vn stand for vertical distances where positive means down, negative up. All these distances are offsets relative to the current location.

Unless indicated otherwise, each graphics command directly corresponds to a similar groff \D escape sequence; see groff(7)

Unknown D commands are assumed to be device-specific. Its arguments are parsed as strings; the whole information is then sent to the postprocessor.

In the following command reference, the syntax element means a syntactical line break as defined in section Separation.

DD~~ _h_1 _v_1 _h_2 _v_2 ... _h_n _v_n Draw B-spline from current position to offset
(_h_1, _v_1), then to offset (_h_2, _v_2) if given, etc. up to (_h_n, _v_n). This command takes a variable number of argument pairs; the current position is moved to the terminal point of the drawn curve.
DDaa _h_1 _v_1 _h_2 _v_2 Draw arc from current position to
(_h_1, _v_1)+(_h_2, _v_2) with center at (_h_1, _v_1); then move the current position to the final point of the arc.
DDCC _d
DDCC _d _d_u_m_m_y___a_r_g
Draw a solid circle using the current fill color with diameter d (integer in basic units u) with leftmost point at the current position; then move the current position to the rightmost point of the circle. An optional second integer argument is ignored (this allows to the formatter to generate an even number of arguments). This command is a groff extension.
DDcc _d Draw circle line with diameter
d (integer in basic units u) with leftmost point at the current position; then move the current position to the rightmost point of the circle.
DDEE _h _v Draw a solid ellipse in the current fill color with a horizontal
diameter of h and a vertical diameter of v (both integers in basic units u) with the leftmost point at the current position; then move to the rightmost point of the ellipse. This command is a groff extension.
DDee _h _v Draw an outlined ellipse with a horizontal diameter of
h and a vertical diameter of v (both integers in basic units u) with the leftmost point at current position; then move to the rightmost point of the ellipse.
DDFF _c_o_l_o_r___s_c_h_e_m_e [_c_o_m_p_o_n_e_n_t _._._.] Set fill color for solid drawing objects using different color
schemes; the analoguous command for setting the color of text, line graphics, and the outline of graphic objects is m. The color components are specified as integer arguments between 0 and 65536. The number of color components and their meaning vary for the different color schemes. These commands are generated by the groff escape sequences \D'F ...' and \M (with no other corresponding graphics commands). No position changing. This command is a groff extension.
DDFFcc _c_y_a_n _m_a_g_e_n_t_a _y_e_l_l_o_w Set fill color for solid drawing objects using the CMY color scheme,
having the 3 color components cyan, magenta, and yellow.
DDFFdd Set fill color for solid drawing objects to the default fill color value
(black in most cases). No component arguments.
DDFFgg _g_r_a_y Set fill color for solid drawing objects to the shade of gray given by
the argument, an integer between 0 (black) and 65536 (white).
DDFFkk _c_y_a_n _m_a_g_e_n_t_a _y_e_l_l_o_w _b_l_a_c_k Set fill color for solid drawing objects using the CMYK color scheme,
having the 4 color components cyan, magenta, yellow, and black.
DDFFrr _r_e_d _g_r_e_e_n _b_l_u_e Set fill color for solid drawing objects using the RGB color scheme,
having the 3 color components red, green, and blue.
DDff _n The argument
n must be an integer in the range -32767 to 32767.
Set the color for filling solid drawing objects to a shade of gray,
where 0 corresponds to solid white, 1000 (the default) to solid black, and values in between to intermediate shades of gray; this is obsoleted by command DFg.
n
Set the filling color to the color that is currently being used for the text and the outline, see command m. For example, the command sequence
mmgg 00 00 6655553366
DDff --11
sets all colors to blue.

No position changing. This command is a groff extension.

DDll _h _v Draw line from current position to offset
(_h, _v) (integers in basic units u); then set current position to the end of the drawn line.
DDpp _h_1 _v_1 _h_2 _v_2 ... _h_n _v_n Draw a polygon line from current position to offset
(_h_1, _v_1), from there to offset (_h_2, _v_2), etc. up to offset (_h_n, _v_n), and from there back to the starting position. For historical reasons, the position is changed by adding the sum of all arguments with odd index to the actual horizontal position and the even ones to the vertical position. Although this doesn't make sense it is kept for compatibility. This command is a groff extension.
DDPP _h_1 _v_1 _h_2 _v_2 ... _h_n _v_n The same macro as the corresponding
Dp command with the same arguments, but draws a solid polygon in the current fill color rather than an outlined polygon. The position is changed in the same way as with Dp. This command is a groff extension.
DDtt _n Set the current line thickness to
n (an integer in basic units u) if n>0; if n=0 select the smallest available line thickness; if n<0 set the line thickness proportional to the point size (this is the default before the first Dt command was specified). For historical reasons, the horizontal position is changed by adding the argument to the actual horizontal position, while the vertical position is not changed. Although this doesn't make sense it is kept for compatibility. This command is a groff extension.

Device Control Commands

Each device control command starts with the letter x followed by a space character (optional or arbitrary space/tab in groff) and a subcommand letter or word; each argument (if any) must be preceded by a syntactical space. All x commands are terminated by a syntactical line break; no device control command can be followed by another command on the same line (except a comment).

The subcommand is basically a single letter, but to increase readability, it can be written as a word, i.e., an arbitrary sequence of characters terminated by the next tab, space, or newline character. All characters of the subcommand word but the first are simply ignored. For example, troff outputs the initialization command x i as x init and the resolution command x r as x res. But writings like x i_like_groff and x roff_is_groff resp. are accepted as well to mean the same commands.

In the following, the syntax element means a syntactical line break as defined in section Separation.

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TThhiiss iiss tthhee tthhiirrdd ccoommmmaanndd ooff tthhee <>pprroolloogguuee<>.. <> <>xxpp<> <> <> PPaarrsseedd bbuutt iiggnnoorreedd.. TThhee ccllaassssiiccaall ddooccuummeennttaattiioonn rreeaaddss <>ppaauussee ddeevviiccee,, ccaann bbee<> <>rreessttaarrtteedd<>.. <> <>xxrr _n _h _v_<_/_b_> _<_b_r_> _<_d_d_> _R_e_s_o_l_u_t_i_o_n _i_s _<_i_>_n_<_/_i_>_, _w_h_i_l_e _h _i_s _t_h_e _m_i_n_i_m_a_l _h_o_r_i_z_o_n_t_a_l _m_o_t_i_o_n_, _a_n_d _v _t_h_e _m_i_n_i_m_a_l _v_e_r_t_i_c_a_l _m_o_t_i_o_n _p_o_s_s_i_b_l_e _w_i_t_h _t_h_i_s _d_e_v_i_c_e_; _a_l_l _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s _a_r_e _p_o_s_i_t_i_v_e _i_n_t_e_g_e_r_s _i_n _b_a_s_i_c _u_n_i_t_s _u _p_e_r _i_n_c_h_. _T_h_i_s _i_s _t_h_e _s_e_c_o_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _o_f _t_h_e _<_i_>_p_r_o_l_o_g_u_e_<_/_i_>_. _<_d_t_> _<_b_>xxSS _n_<_/_b_> _<_b_r_> _<_d_d_> _S_e_t _s_l_a_n_t _t_o _n _d_e_g_r_e_e_s _(_a_n _i_n_t_e_g_e_r _i_n _b_a_s_i_c _u_n_i_t_s _<_b_>_u_<_/_b_>_)_. _<_d_t_> _<_b_>xxss<> <> <> TTeerrmmiinnaatteess tthhee pprroocceessssiinngg ooff tthhee ccuurrrreenntt ffiillee;; iissssuueedd aass tthhee llaasstt ccoommmmaanndd ooff aannyy <>iinntteerrmmeeddiiaattee ttrrooffff<> <>oouuttppuutt<>.. <> <>xxtt<> <> <> GGeenneerraattee ttrraaiilleerr iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn,, iiff aannyy.. IInn <>ggrrooffff<>,, tthhiiss iiss aaccttuuaallllyy jjuusstt iiggnnoorreedd.. <> <>xxTT _x_x_x_<_/_b_> _<_b_r_> _<_d_d_> _S_e_t _n_a_m_e _o_f _d_e_v_i_c_e _t_o _w_o_r_d _<_i_>_x_x_x_<_/_i_>_, _a _s_e_q_u_e_n_c_e _o_f _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s _e_n_d_e_d _b_y _t_h_e _n_e_x_t _w_h_i_t_e_s_p_a_c_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_. _T_h_e _p_o_s_s_i_b_l_e _d_e_v_i_c_e _n_a_m_e_s _c_o_i_n_c_i_d_e _w_i_t_h _t_h_o_s_e _f_r_o_m _t_h_e _g_r_o_f_f _<_b_>_-_T_<_/_b_> _o_p_t_i_o_n_. _T_h_i_s _i_s _t_h_e _f_i_r_s_t _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _o_f _t_h_e _<_i_>_p_r_o_l_o_g_u_e_<_/_i_>_. _<_d_t_> _<_b_>xxuu _n_<_/_b_> _<_b_r_> _<_d_d_> _C_o_n_f_i_g_u_r_e _u_n_d_e_r_l_i_n_i_n_g _o_f _s_p_a_c_e_s_. _I_f _n _i_s _1_, _s_t_a_r_t _u_n_d_e_r_l_i_n_i_n_g _o_f _s_p_a_c_e_s_; _i_f _n _i_s _0_, _s_t_o_p _u_n_d_e_r_l_i_n_i_n_g _o_f _s_p_a_c_e_s_. _T_h_i_s _i_s _n_e_e_d_e_d _f_o_r _t_h_e _<_b_>_c_u_<_/_b_> _r_e_q_u_e_s_t _i_n _<_b_>_n_r_o_f_f_<_/_b_> _m_o_d_e _a_n_d _i_s _i_g_n_o_r_e_d _o_t_h_e_r_w_i_s_e_. _T_h_i_s _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _i_s _a _<_i_>_g_r_o_f_f_<_/_i_> _e_x_t_e_n_s_i_o_n_. _<_d_t_> _<_b_>xxXX _a_n_y_t_h_i_n_g_<_/_b_> _<_b_r_> _<_d_d_> _S_e_n_d _s_t_r_i_n_g _a_n_y_t_h_i_n_g _u_n_i_n_t_e_r_p_r_e_t_e_d _t_o _t_h_e _d_e_v_i_c_e_. _I_f _t_h_e _l_i_n_e _f_o_l_l_o_w_i_n_g _t_h_i_s _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _s_t_a_r_t_s _w_i_t_h _a _<_b_>_+_<_/_b_> _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _t_h_i_s _l_i_n_e _i_s _i_n_t_e_r_p_r_e_t_e_d _a_s _a _c_o_n_t_i_n_u_a_t_i_o_n _l_i_n_e _i_n _t_h_e _f_o_l_l_o_w_i_n_g _s_e_n_s_e_. _T_h_e _<_b_>_+_<_/_b_> _i_s _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_, _b_u_t _a _n_e_w_l_i_n_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _i_s _s_e_n_t _i_n_s_t_e_a_d _t_o _t_h_e _d_e_v_i_c_e_, _t_h_e _r_e_s_t _o_f _t_h_e _l_i_n_e _i_s _s_e_n_t _u_n_i_n_t_e_r_p_r_e_t_e_d_. _T_h_e _s_a_m_e _a_p_p_l_i_e_s _t_o _a_l_l _f_o_l_l_o_w_i_n_g _l_i_n_e_s _u_n_t_i_l _t_h_e _f_i_r_s_t _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _o_f _a _l_i_n_e _i_s _n_o_t _a _<_b_>_+_<_/_b_> _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_. _T_h_i_s _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _i_s _g_e_n_e_r_a_t_e_d _b_y _t_h_e _<_i_>_g_r_o_f_f_<_/_i_> _e_s_c_a_p_e _s_e_q_u_e_n_c_e _<_b_>_\_X_<_/_b_>_. _T_h_e _l_i_n_e_-_c_o_n_t_i_n_u_i_n_g _f_e_a_t_u_r_e _i_s _a _<_i_>_g_r_o_f_f_<_/_i_> _e_x_t_e_n_s_i_o_n_. _<_/_d_l_> _<_h_4 _i_d_=_"_O_b_s_o_l_e_t_e _C_o_m_m_a_n_d_"_> _O_b_s_o_l_e_t_e _C_o_m_m_a_n_d _<_/_h_4_> _I_n _<_i_>_c_l_a_s_s_i_c_a_l _t_r_o_f_f_<_/_i_> _o_u_t_p_u_t_, _t_h_e _w_r_i_t_i_n_g _o_f _a _s_i_n_g_l_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _w_a_s _m_o_s_t_l_y _d_o_n_e _b_y _a _v_e_r_y _s_t_r_a_n_g_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _t_h_a_t _c_o_m_b_i_n_e_d _a _h_o_r_i_z_o_n_t_a_l _m_o_v_e _a_n_d _t_h_e _p_r_i_n_t_i_n_g _o_f _a _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_. _I_t _d_i_d_n_'_t _h_a_v_e _a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _c_o_d_e_, _b_u_t _i_s _r_e_p_r_e_s_e_n_t_e_d _b_y _a _3_-_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t _c_o_n_s_i_s_t_i_n_g _o_f _e_x_a_c_t_l_y _2 _d_i_g_i_t_s _a_n_d _a _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_. _<_d_l _c_o_m_p_a_c_t_> _<_d_t_> _d_d_c _<_d_d_> _M_o_v_e _r_i_g_h_t _d_d _(_e_x_a_c_t_l_y _t_w_o _d_e_c_i_m_a_l _d_i_g_i_t_s_) _b_a_s_i_c _u_n_i_t_s _<_b_>_u_<_/_b_>_, _t_h_e_n _p_r_i_n_t _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _<_i_>_c_<_/_i_>_. _<_/_d_l_> _<_p_> _I_n _<_i_>_g_r_o_f_f_<_/_i_>_, _a_r_b_i_t_r_a_r_y _<_i_>_s_y_n_t_a_c_t_i_c_a_l _s_p_a_c_e_<_/_i_> _a_r_o_u_n_d _a_n_d _w_i_t_h_i_n _t_h_i_s _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _i_s _a_l_l_o_w_e_d _t_o _b_e _a_d_d_e_d_. _O_n_l_y _w_h_e_n _a _p_r_e_c_e_d_i_n_g _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _o_n _t_h_e _s_a_m_e _l_i_n_e _e_n_d_s _w_i_t_h _a_n _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t _o_f _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e _l_e_n_g_t_h _a _s_e_p_a_r_a_t_i_n_g _s_p_a_c_e _i_s _o_b_l_i_g_a_t_o_r_y_. _I_n _<_i_>_c_l_a_s_s_i_c_a_l_<_/_i_> _<_i_>_t_r_o_f_f_<_/_i_>_, _l_a_r_g_e _c_l_u_s_t_e_r_s _o_f _t_h_e_s_e _a_n_d _o_t_h_e_r _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_s _w_e_r_e _u_s_e_d_, _m_o_s_t_l_y _w_i_t_h_o_u_t _s_p_a_c_e_s_; _t_h_i_s _m_a_d_e _s_u_c_h _o_u_t_p_u_t _a_l_m_o_s_t _u_n_r_e_a_d_a_b_l_e_. _<_p_> _F_o_r _m_o_d_e_r_n _h_i_g_h_-_r_e_s_o_l_u_t_i_o_n _d_e_v_i_c_e_s_, _t_h_i_s _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _d_o_e_s _n_o_t _m_a_k_e _s_e_n_s_e _b_e_c_a_u_s_e _t_h_e _w_i_d_t_h _o_f _t_h_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s _c_a_n _b_e_c_o_m_e _m_u_c_h _l_a_r_g_e_r _t_h_a_n _t_w_o _d_e_c_i_m_a_l _d_i_g_i_t_s_. _I_n _<_b_>_g_r_o_f_f_<_/_b_>_, _t_h_i_s _i_s _o_n_l_y _u_s_e_d _f_o_r _t_h_e _d_e_v_i_c_e_s _<_b_>_X_7_5_<_/_b_>_, _<_b_>_X_7_5_-_1_2_<_/_b_>_, _<_b_>_X_1_0_0_<_/_b_>_, _a_n_d _<_b_>_X_1_0_0_-_1_2_<_/_b_>_. _F_o_r _o_t_h_e_r _d_e_v_i_c_e_s_, _t_h_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_s _<_b_>_t_<_/_b_> _a_n_d _<_b_>_u_<_/_b_> _p_r_o_v_i_d_e _a _b_e_t_t_e_r _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_a_l_i_t_y_. _<_h_3 _i_d_=_"_P_O_S_T_P_R_O_C_E_S_S_I_N_G_"_> _P_O_S_T_P_R_O_C_E_S_S_I_N_G _<_/_h_3_> _T_h_e _<_i_>_r_o_f_f_<_/_i_> _p_o_s_t_p_r_o_c_e_s_s_o_r_s _a_r_e _p_r_o_g_r_a_m_s _t_h_a_t _h_a_v_e _t_h_e _t_a_s_k _t_o _t_r_a_n_s_l_a_t_e _t_h_e _<_i_>_i_n_t_e_r_m_e_d_i_a_t_e _o_u_t_p_u_t_<_/_i_> _i_n_t_o _a_c_t_i_o_n_s _t_h_a_t _a_r_e _s_e_n_t _t_o _a _d_e_v_i_c_e_. _A _d_e_v_i_c_e _c_a_n _b_e _s_o_m_e _p_i_e_c_e _o_f _h_a_r_d_w_a_r_e _s_u_c_h _a_s _a _p_r_i_n_t_e_r_, _o_r _a _s_o_f_t_w_a_r_e _f_i_l_e _f_o_r_m_a_t _s_u_i_t_a_b_l_e _f_o_r _g_r_a_p_h_i_c_a_l _o_r _t_e_x_t _p_r_o_c_e_s_s_i_n_g_. _T_h_e _<_i_>_g_r_o_f_f_<_/_i_> _s_y_s_t_e_m _p_r_o_v_i_d_e_s _p_o_w_e_r_f_u_l _m_e_a_n_s _t_h_a_t _m_a_k_e _t_h_e _p_r_o_g_r_a_m_m_i_n_g _o_f _s_u_c_h _p_o_s_t_p_r_o_c_e_s_s_o_r_s _a_n _e_a_s_y _t_a_s_k_. _<_p_> _T_h_e_r_e _i_s _a _l_i_b_r_a_r_y _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n _t_h_a_t _p_a_r_s_e_s _t_h_e _<_i_>_i_n_t_e_r_m_e_d_i_a_t_e _o_u_t_p_u_t_<_/_i_> _a_n_d _s_e_n_d_s _t_h_e _i_n_f_o_r_m_a_t_i_o_n _o_b_t_a_i_n_e_d _t_o _t_h_e _d_e_v_i_c_e _v_i_a _m_e_t_h_o_d_s _o_f _a _c_l_a_s_s _w_i_t_h _a _c_o_m_m_o_n _i_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e _f_o_r _e_a_c_h _d_e_v_i_c_e_. _S_o _a _<_i_>_g_r_o_f_f_<_/_i_> _p_o_s_t_p_r_o_c_e_s_s_o_r _m_u_s_t _o_n_l_y _r_e_d_e_f_i_n_e _t_h_e _m_e_t_h_o_d_s _o_f _t_h_i_s _c_l_a_s_s_. _F_o_r _d_e_t_a_i_l_s_, _s_e_e _t_h_e _r_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e _i_n _s_e_c_t_i_o_n _<_b_>_F_I_L_E_S_<_/_b_>_. _<_h_3 _i_d_=_"_E_X_A_M_P_L_E_S_"_> _E_X_A_M_P_L_E_S _<_/_h_3_> _T_h_i_s _s_e_c_t_i_o_n _p_r_e_s_e_n_t_s _t_h_e _<_i_>_i_n_t_e_r_m_e_d_i_a_t_e _o_u_t_p_u_t_<_/_i_> _g_e_n_e_r_a_t_e_d _f_r_o_m _t_h_e _s_a_m_e _i_n_p_u_t _f_o_r _t_h_r_e_e _d_i_f_f_e_r_e_n_t _d_e_v_i_c_e_s_. _T_h_e _i_n_p_u_t _i_s _t_h_e _s_e_n_t_e_n_c_e _<_i_>_h_e_l_l _w_o_r_l_d_<_/_i_> _f_e_d _i_n_t_o _<_b_>_g_r_o_f_f_<_/_b_> _o_n _t_h_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _l_i_n_e_. _<_d_l _c_o_m_p_a_c_t_> _<_d_t_> _· _<_d_d_> _H_i_g_h_-_r_e_s_o_l_u_t_i_o_n _d_e_v_i_c_e _<_i_>_p_s_<_/_i_> _<_/_d_l_> _<_p_> _<_b_r_> <>sshheellll>><> eecchhoo hheellll wwoorrlldd || ggrrooffff --ZZ --TT ppss <> <> <> xx TT ppss xx rreess 7722000000 11 11 xx iinniitt pp11 xx ffoonntt 55 TTRR ff55 ss1100000000 VV1122000000 HH7722000000 tthheellll wwhh22550000 ttww HH9966662200 ttoorrlldd nn1122000000 00 xx ttrraaiilleerr VV779922000000 xx ssttoopp <> <> TThhiiss oouuttppuutt ccaann bbee ffeedd iinnttoo tthhee ppoossttpprroocceessssoorr <>ggrrooppss((11))<> ttoo ggeett iittss rreepprreesseennttaattiioonn aass aa PPoossttSSccrriipptt ffiillee.. <> <> ·· <> LLooww--rreessoolluuttiioonn ddeevviiccee <>llaattiinn11<> <> <> TThhiiss iiss ssiimmiillaarr ttoo tthhee hhiigghh--rreessoolluuttiioonn ddeevviiccee eexxcceepptt tthhaatt tthhee ppoossiittiioonniinngg iiss ddoonnee aatt aa mmiinnoorr ssccaallee.. SSoommee ccoommmmeennttss ((lliinneess ssttaarrttiinngg wwiitthh <>##<>)) wweerree aaddddeedd ffoorr ccllaarriiffiiccaattiioonn;; tthheeyy wweerree nnoott ggeenneerraatteedd bbyy tthhee ffoorrmmaatttteerr.. <> <> <>sshheellll>><> eecchhoo hheellll wwoorrlldd || ggrrooffff --ZZ --TT llaattiinn11 <> <> <> <>## pprroolloogguuee<> xx TT llaattiinn11 xx rreess 224400 2244 4400 xx iinniitt <>## bbeeggiinn aa nneeww ppaaggee<> pp11 <>## ffoonntt sseettuupp<> xx ffoonntt 11 RR ff11 ss1100 <>## iinniittiiaall ppoossiittiioonniinngg oonn tthhee ppaaggee<> VV4400 HH00 <>## wwrriittee tteexxtt ``hheellll''<> tthheellll <>## iinnffoorrmm aabboouutt aa ssppaaccee,, aanndd ddoo iitt bbyy aa hhoorriizzoonnttaall jjuummpp<> wwhh2244 <>## wwrriittee tteexxtt ``wwoorrlldd''<> ttwwoorrlldd <>## aannnnoouunnccee lliinnee bbrreeaakk,, bbuutt ddoo nnootthhiinngg bbeeccaauussee ......<> nn4400 00 <>## ...... tthhee eenndd ooff tthhee ddooccuummeenntt hhaass bbeeeenn rreeaacchheedd<> xx ttrraaiilleerr VV22664400 xx ssttoopp <> <> TThhiiss oouuttppuutt ccaann bbee ffeedd iinnttoo tthhee ppoossttpprroocceessssoorr <>ggrroottttyy((11))<> ttoo ggeett aa ffoorrmmaatttteedd tteexxtt ddooccuummeenntt.. <> <> ·· <> CCllaassssiiccaall ssttyyllee oouuttppuutt <> <> AAss aa ccoommppuutteerr mmoonniittoorr hhaass aa vveerryy llooww rreessoolluuttiioonn ccoommppaarreedd ttoo mmooddeerrnn pprriinntteerrss tthhee <>iinntteerrmmeeddiiaattee oouuttppuutt<> ffoorr tthhee XX ddeevviicceess ccaann uussee tthhee jjuummpp--aanndd--wwrriittee ccoommmmaanndd wwiitthh iittss 22--ddiiggiitt ddiissppllaacceemmeennttss.. <> <> <>sshheellll>><> eecchhoo hheellll wwoorrlldd || ggrrooffff --ZZ --TT XX110000 <> <> <> xx TT XX110000 xx rreess 110000 11 11 xx iinniitt pp11 xx ffoonntt 55 TTRR ff55 ss1100 VV1166 HH110000 <>## wwrriittee tteexxtt wwiitthh oolldd--ssttyyllee jjuummpp--aanndd--wwrriittee ccoommmmaanndd<> cchh0077ee0077ll0033llww0066ww1111oo0077rr0055ll0033ddhh77 nn1166 00 xx ttrraaiilleerr VV11110000 xx ssttoopp <> <> TThhiiss oouuttppuutt ccaann bbee ffeedd iinnttoo tthhee ppoossttpprroocceessssoorr <>xxddiittvviieeww<>((11xx)) oorr <>ggxxddiittvviieeww((11))<> ffoorr ddiissppllaayyiinngg iinn XX.. <> DDuuee ttoo tthhee oobbssoolleettee jjuummpp--aanndd--wwrriittee ccoommmmaanndd,, tthhee tteexxtt cclluusstteerrss iinn tthhee ccllaassssiiccaall oouuttppuutt aarree aallmmoosstt uunnrreeaaddaabbllee.. <> CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY <> TThhee <>iinntteerrmmeeddiiaattee oouuttppuutt<> llaanngguuaaggee ooff tthhee <>ccllaassssiiccaall ttrrooffff<> wwaass ffiirrsstt ddooccuummeenntteedd iinn <>[[CCSSTTRR ##9977]]<>.. TThhee <>ggrrooffff iinntteerrmmeeddiiaattee oouuttppuutt<> ffoorrmmaatt iiss ccoommppaattiibbllee wwiitthh tthhiiss ssppeecciiffiiccaattiioonn eexxcceepptt ffoorr tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg ffeeaattuurreess.. <> <> ·· <> TThhee ccllaassssiiccaall qquuaassii ddeevviiccee iinnddeeppeennddeennccee iiss nnoott yyeett iimmpplleemmeenntteedd.. <> ·· <> TThhee oolldd hhaarrddwwaarree wwaass vveerryy ddiiffffeerreenntt ffrroomm wwhhaatt wwee uussee ttooddaayy.. SSoo tthhee <>ggrrooffff<> ddeevviicceess aarree aallssoo ffuunnddaammeennttaallllyy ddiiffffeerreenntt ffrroomm tthhee oonneess iinn <>ccllaassssiiccaall<> <>ttrrooffff<>.. FFoorr eexxaammppllee,, tthhee ccllaassssiiccaall PPoossttSSccrriipptt ddeevviiccee wwaass ccaalllleedd <>ppoosstt<> aanndd hhaadd aa rreessoolluuttiioonn ooff 772200 uunniittss ppeerr iinncchh,, wwhhiillee <>ggrrooffff<>''ss <>ppss<> ddeevviiccee hhaass aa rreessoolluuttiioonn ooff 7722000000 uunniittss ppeerr iinncchh.. MMaayybbee,, bbyy iimmpplleemmeennttiinngg ssoommee rreessccaalliinngg mmeecchhaanniissmm ssiimmiillaarr ttoo tthhee ccllaassssiiccaall qquuaassii ddeevviiccee iinnddeeppeennddeennccee,, tthheessee ccoouulldd bbee iinntteeggrraatteedd iinnttoo mmooddeerrnn <>ggrrooffff<>.. <> ·· <> TThhee BB--sspplliinnee ccoommmmaanndd <>DD~~<> iiss ccoorrrreeccttllyy hhaannddlleedd bbyy tthhee <>iinntteerrmmeeddiiaattee oouuttppuutt<> ppaarrsseerr,, bbuutt tthhee ddrraawwiinngg rroouuttiinneess aarreenn''tt iimmpplleemmeenntteedd iinn ssoommee ooff tthhee ppoossttpprroocceessssoorr pprrooggrraammss.. <> ·· <> TThhee aarrgguummeenntt ooff tthhee ccoommmmaannddss <>ss<> aanndd <>xx HH<> hhaass tthhee iimmpplliicciitt uunniitt ssccaalleedd ppooiinntt zz iinn <>ggrrooffff<>,, wwhhiillee <>ccllaassssiiccaall ttrrooffff<> hhaadd ppooiinntt ((<>pp<>)).. TThhiiss iissnn''tt aann iinnccoommppaattiibbiilliittyy,, bbuutt aa ccoommppaattiibbllee eexxtteennssiioonn,, ffoorr bbootthh uunniittss ccooiinncciiddee ffoorr aallll ddeevviicceess wwiitthhoouutt aa <>ssiizzeessccaallee<> ppaarraammeetteerr,, iinncclluuddiinngg aallll ccllaassssiiccaall aanndd tthhee <>ggrrooffff<> tteexxtt ddeevviicceess.. TThhee ffeeww <>ggrrooffff<> ddeevviicceess wwiitthh aa ssiizzeessccaallee ppaarraammeetteerr eeiitthheerr ddiidd nnoott eexxiisstt,, hhaadd aa ddiiffffeerreenntt nnaammee,, oorr sseeeemm ttoo hhaavvee hhaadd aa ddiiffffeerreenntt rreessoolluuttiioonn.. SSoo ccoonnfflliiccttss wwiitthh ccllaassssiiccaall ddeevviicceess aarree vveerryy uunnlliikkeellyy.. <> ·· <> TThhee ppoossiittiioonn cchhaannggiinngg aafftteerr tthhee ccoommmmaannddss <>DDpp<>,, <>DDPP<>,, aanndd <>DDtt<> iiss iillllooggiiccaall,, bbuutt aass oolldd vveerrssiioonnss ooff ggrrooffff uusseedd tthhiiss ffeeaattuurree iitt iiss kkeepptt ffoorr ccoommppaattiibbiilliittyy rreeaassoonnss.. <> <> TThhee ddiiffffeerreenncceess bbeettwweeeenn <>ggrrooffff<> aanndd <>ccllaassssiiccaall ttrrooffff<> aarree ddooccuummeenntteedd iinn <>ggrrooffff__ddiiffff((77))<> <> FFIILLEESS <> <> <> <>//uussrr//sshhaarree//ggrrooffff__ffoonntt//ddeevv<><>nnaammee<>//DDEESSCC <> DDeevviiccee ddeessccrriippttiioonn ffiillee ffoorr ddeevviiccee <>nnaammee<>.. <> <><><><>//ssrrcc//lliibbss//lliibbddrriivveerr//iinnppuutt..ccpppp<> <> DDeeffiinneess tthhee ppaarrsseerr aanndd ppoossttpprroocceessssoorr ffoorr tthhee <>iinntteerrmmeeddiiaattee<> <>oouuttppuutt<>.. IItt iiss llooccaatteedd rreellaattiivvee ttoo tthhee ttoopp ddiirreeccttoorryy ooff tthhee <>ggrrooffff<> ssoouurrccee ttrreeee,, ee..gg.. <>@@GGRROOFFFFSSRRCCDDIIRR@@<>.. TThhiiss ppaarrsseerr iiss tthhee ddeeffiinniittiivvee ssppeecciiffiiccaattiioonn ooff tthhee <>ggrrooffff iinntteerrmmeeddiiaattee oouuttppuutt<> ffoorrmmaatt.. <> <> SSEEEE AALLSSOO <> AA rreeffeerreennccee lliikkee <>ggrrooffff((77))<> rreeffeerrss ttoo aa mmaannuuaall ppaaggee;; hheerree <>ggrrooffff<> iinn sseeccttiioonn <>77<> ooff tthhee mmaann--ppaaggee ddooccuummeennttaattiioonn ssyysstteemm.. TToo rreeaadd tthhee eexxaammppllee,, llooookk uupp sseeccttiioonn 77 iinn yyoouurr ddeesskkttoopp hheellpp ssyysstteemm oorr ccaallll ffrroomm tthhee sshheellll pprroommpptt <> <> <>sshheellll>><> mmaann 77 ggrrooffff <> FFoorr mmoorree ddeettaaiillss,, sseeee <>mmaann((11))<> <> <> <>ggrrooffff((11))<> <> ooppttiioonn <>--ZZ<> aanndd ffuurrtthheerr rreeaaddiinnggss oonn ggrrooffff.. <> <>ggrrooffff((77))<> <> ffoorr ddeettaaiillss ooff tthhee <>ggrrooffff<> llaanngguuaaggee ssuucchh aass nnuummeerriiccaall uunniittss aanndd eessccaappee sseeqquueenncceess.. <> <>ggrrooffff__ffoonntt((55))<> <> ffoorr ddeettaaiillss oonn tthhee ddeevviiccee ssccaalliinngg ppaarraammeetteerrss ooff tthhee <>DDEESSCC<> ffiillee.. <> <>ttrrooffff((11))<> <> ggeenneerraatteess tthhee ddeevviiccee--iinnddeeppeennddeenntt iinntteerrmmeeddiiaattee oouuttppuutt.. <> <>rrooffff((77))<> <> ffoorr hhiissttoorriiccaall aassppeeccttss aanndd tthhee ggeenneerraall ssttrruuccttuurree ooff rrooffff ssyysstteemmss.. <> <>ggrrooffff__ddiiffff((77))<> <> TThhee ddiiffffeerreenncceess bbeettwweeeenn tthhee iinntteerrmmeeddiiaattee oouuttppuutt iinn ggrrooffff aanndd ccllaassssiiccaall ttrrooffff.. <> <>ggxxddiittvviieeww((11))<> <> VViieewweerr ffoorr tthhee <>iinntteerrmmeeddiiaattee<> <>oouuttppuutt<>.. <> <> <>ggrrooddvvii((11))<> <>ggrroohhttmmll((11))<> <>ggrroollbbpp((11))<> <>ggrroolljj44((11))<> <>ggrrooppss((11))<> <>ggrroottttyy((11))<> <> tthhee ggrrooffff ppoossttpprroocceessssoorr pprrooggrraammss.. <> FFoorr aa ttrreeaattmmeenntt ooff aallll aassppeeccttss ooff tthhee ggrrooffff ssyysstteemm wwiitthhiinn aa ssiinnggllee ddooccuummeenntt,, sseeee tthhee <>ggrrooffff iinnffoo<> <>ffiillee<>.. IItt ccaann bbee rreeaadd wwiitthhiinn tthhee iinntteeggrraatteedd hheellpp ssyysstteemmss,, wwiitthhiinn <>eemmaaccss((11))<> oorr ffrroomm tthhee sshheellll pprroommpptt bbyy <> <>sshheellll>><> iinnffoo ggrrooffff <> TThhee <>ccllaassssiiccaall ttrrooffff oouuttppuutt llaanngguuaaggee<> iiss ddeessccrriibbeedd iinn ttwwoo AATT&&TT BBeellll LLaabbss CCSSTTRR ddooccuummeennttss aavvaaiillaabbllee oonn--lliinnee aatt BBeellll LLaabbss CCSSTTRR ssiittee <>.. <> <> <>[[CCSSTTRR ##9977]]<> <> <>AA TTyyppeesseetttteerr--iinnddeeppeennddeenntt TTRROOFFFF<> bbyy <>BBrriiaann KKeerrnniigghhaann<> iiss tthhee oorriiggiinnaall aanndd mmoosstt ccoonncciissee ddooccuummeennttaattiioonn oonn tthhee oouuttppuutt llaanngguuaaggee;; sseeee CCSSTTRR ##9977 <>.. <> <>[[CCSSTTRR ##5544]]<> <> TThhee 11999922 rreevviissiioonn ooff tthhee <>NNrrooffff//TTrrooffff UUsseerr''ss MMaannuuaall<> bbyy <>JJ.. FF.. OOssaannnnaa<> aanndd <>BBrriiaann KKeerrnniigghhaann<> iissnn''tt aass ccoonncciissee aass <>[[CCSSTTRR ##9977]]<> rreeggaarrddiinngg tthhee oouuttppuutt llaanngguuaaggee;; sseeee CCSSTTRR ##5544 <>.. <> <> AAUUTTHHOORRSS <> CCooppyyrriigghhtt ((CC)) 11998899,, 22000011,, 22000022,, 22000033,, 22000044 FFrreeee SSooffttwwaarree FFoouunnddaattiioonn,, IInncc.. <> TThhiiss ddooccuummeenntt iiss ddiissttrriibbuutteedd uunnddeerr tthhee tteerrmmss ooff tthhee FFDDLL ((GGNNUU FFrreeee DDooccuummeennttaattiioonn LLiicceennssee)) vveerrssiioonn 11..11 oorr llaatteerr.. YYoouu sshhoouulldd hhaavvee rreecceeiivveedd aa ccooppyy ooff tthhee FFDDLL wwiitthh tthhiiss ppaacckkaaggee;; iitt iiss aallssoo aavvaaiillaabbllee oonn--lliinnee aatt tthhee GGNNUU ccooppyylleefftt ssiittee <>.. <> TThhiiss ddooccuummeenntt iiss ppaarrtt ooff <>ggrrooffff<>,, tthhee GGNNUU <>rrooffff<> ddiissttrriibbuuttiioonn.. IItt iiss bbaasseedd oonn aa ffoorrmmeerr vveerrssiioonn -- ppuubblliisshheedd uunnddeerr tthhee GGPPLL -- tthhaatt ddeessccrriibbeedd oonnllyy ppaarrttss ooff tthhee <>ggrrooffff<> eexxtteennssiioonnss ooff tthhee oouuttppuutt llaanngguuaaggee.. IItt hhaass bbeeeenn rreewwrriitttteenn 22000022 bbyy BBeerrnndd WWaarrkkeenn aanndd iiss mmaaiinnttaaiinneedd bbyy WWeerrnneerr LLeemmbbeerrgg <>.. <> <>