NAME

dnssec-signzone - DNSSEC zone signing tool

SYNOPSIS

ddnnsssseecc--ssiiggnnzzoonnee [--aa] [--cc _c_l_a_s_s] [--dd _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y] [--ee _e_n_d_-_t_i_m_e] [--ff _o_u_t_p_u_t_-_f_i_l_e] [--gg] [--hh] [--kk _k_e_y] [--ll _d_o_m_a_i_n] [--ii _i_n_t_e_r_v_a_l] [--II _i_n_p_u_t_-_f_o_r_m_a_t] [--jj _j_i_t_t_e_r] [--NN _s_o_a_-_s_e_r_i_a_l_-_f_o_r_m_a_t] [--oo _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--OO _o_u_t_p_u_t_-_f_o_r_m_a_t] [--pp] [--rr _r_a_n_d_o_m_d_e_v] [--ss _s_t_a_r_t_-_t_i_m_e] [--tt] [--vv _l_e_v_e_l] [--zz] {zonefile} [key...]

DESCRIPTION

ddnnsssseecc--ssiiggnnzzoonnee signs a zone. It generates NSEC and RRSIG records and produces a signed version of the zone. The security status of delegations from the signed zone (that is, whether the child zones are secure or not) is determined by the presence or absence of a _k_e_y_s_e_t file for each child zone.

OPTIONS

-a Verify all generated signatures.

-c _c_l_a_s_s Specifies the DNS class of the zone.

-k _k_e_y Treat specified key as a key signing key ignoring any key flags. This option may be specified multiple times.

-l _d_o_m_a_i_n Generate a DLV set in addition to the key (DNSKEY) and DS sets. The domain is appended to the name of the records.

-d _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y Look for _k_e_y_s_e_t files in ddiirreeccttoorryy as the directory

-g Generate DS records for child zones from keyset files. Existing DS records will be removed.

-s _s_t_a_r_t_-_t_i_m_e Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records become valid. This can be either an absolute or relative time. An absolute start time is indicated by a number in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation; 20000530144500 denotes 14:45:00 UTC on May 30th, 2000. A relative start time is indicated by +N, which is N seconds from the current time. If no ssttaarrtt--ttiimmee is specified, the current time minus 1 hour (to allow for clock skew) is used.

-e _e_n_d_-_t_i_m_e Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records expire. As with ssttaarrtt--ttiimmee, an absolute time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from the start time. A time relative to the current time is indicated with now+N. If no eenndd--ttiimmee is specified, 30 days from the start time is used as a default.

-f _o_u_t_p_u_t_-_f_i_l_e The name of the output file containing the signed zone. The default is to append _._s_i_g_n_e_d to the input filename.

-h Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to ddnnsssseecc--ssiiggnnzzoonnee.

-i _i_n_t_e_r_v_a_l When a previously-signed zone is passed as input, records may be resigned. The iinntteerrvvaall option specifies the cycle interval as an offset from the current time (in seconds). If a RRSIG record expires after the cycle interval, it is retained. Otherwise, it is considered to be expiring soon, and it will be replaced.

The default cycle interval is one quarter of the difference between the signature end and start times. So if neither eenndd--ttiimmee or ssttaarrtt--ttiimmee are specified, ddnnsssseecc--ssiiggnnzzoonnee generates signatures that are valid for 30 days, with a cycle interval of 7.5 days. Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records are due to expire in less than 7.5 days, they would be replaced.

-I _i_n_p_u_t_-_f_o_r_m_a_t The format of the input zone file. Possible formats are ""tteexxtt"" (default) and ""rraaww"". This option is primarily intended to be used for dynamic signed zones so that the dumped zone file in a non-text format containing updates can be signed directly. The use of this option does not make much sense for non-dynamic zones.

-j _j_i_t_t_e_r When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all RRSIG records issued at the time of signing expires simultaneously. If the zone is incrementally signed, i.e. a previously-signed zone is passed as input to the signer, all expired signatures have to be regenerated at about the same time. The jjiitttteerr option specifies a jitter window that will be used to randomize the signature expire time, thus spreading incremental signature regeneration over time.

Signature lifetime jitter also to some extent benefits validators and servers by spreading out cache expiration, i.e. if large numbers of RRSIGs don't expire at the same time from all caches there will be less congestion than if all validators need to refetch at mostly the same time.

-n _n_c_p_u_s Specifies the number of threads to use. By default, one thread is started for each detected CPU.

-N _s_o_a_-_s_e_r_i_a_l_-_f_o_r_m_a_t The SOA serial number format of the signed zone. Possible formats are ""kkeeeepp"" (default), ""iinnccrreemmeenntt"" and ""uunniixxttiimmee"".

""kkeeeepp"" Do not modify the SOA serial number.

""iinnccrreemmeenntt"" Increment the SOA serial number using RFC 1982 arithmetics.

""uunniixxttiimmee"" Set the SOA serial number to the number of seconds since epoch.

-o _o_r_i_g_i_n The zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file is assumed to be the origin.

-O _o_u_t_p_u_t_-_f_o_r_m_a_t The format of the output file containing the signed zone. Possible formats are ""tteexxtt"" (default) and ""rraaww"".

-p Use pseudo-random data when signing the zone. This is faster, but less secure, than using real random data. This option may be useful when signing large zones or when the entropy source is limited.

-r _r_a_n_d_o_m_d_e_v Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating system does not provide a _/_d_e_v_/_r_a_n_d_o_m or equivalent device, the default source of randomness is keyboard input. _r_a_n_d_o_m_d_e_v specifies the name of a character device or file containing random data to be used instead of the default. The special value _k_e_y_b_o_a_r_d indicates that keyboard input should be used.

-t Print statistics at completion.

-v _l_e_v_e_l Sets the debugging level.

-z Ignore KSK flag on key when determining what to sign.

zonefile The file containing the zone to be signed.

key Specify which keys should be used to sign the zone. If no keys are specified, then the zone will be examined for DNSKEY records at the zone apex. If these are found and there are matching private keys, in the current directory, then these will be used for signing.

EXAMPLE

The following command signs the eexxaammppllee..ccoomm zone with the DSA key generated by ddnnsssseecc--kkeeyyggeenn (Kexample.com.+003+17247). The zone's keys must be in the master file (_d_b_._e_x_a_m_p_l_e_._c_o_m). This invocation looks for _k_e_y_s_e_t files, in the current directory, so that DS records can be generated from them (--gg).


% dnssec-signzone -g -o example.com db.example.com \
Kexample.com.+003+17247
db.example.com.signed
%

In the above example, ddnnsssseecc--ssiiggnnzzoonnee creates the file _d_b_._e_x_a_m_p_l_e_._c_o_m_._s_i_g_n_e_d. This file should be referenced in a zone statement in a _n_a_m_e_d_._c_o_n_f file.

This example re-signs a previously signed zone with default parameters. The private keys are assumed to be in the current directory.


% cp db.example.com.signed db.example.com
% dnssec-signzone -o example.com db.example.com
db.example.com.signed
%

SEE ALSO

ddnnsssseecc--kkeeyyggeenn(8), BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual, RFC 4033.

AUTHOR

Internet Systems Consortium

Copyright © 2004-2008 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
Copyright © 2000-2003 Internet Software Consortium.